Mesothelioma Center : All About Mesothelioma information

Key Step For Regulating Embryonic Development

2010-04-24T12:03:00.001-07:00

Deleting a gene in mouse embryos caused cardiac defects and early death, leading researchers to identify a mechanism that turns developmental genes off and on as an embryo matures, a team led by a scientist at The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center reported in Molecular Cell.

"Our study focused on regulation of two genes that are critical to the healthy development of the heart, but many other genes are regulated in this way," said senior author Edward T.H. Yeh, M.D., professor and chair of M. D. Anderson's Department of Cardiology. "This novel pathway marks an advance in our understanding of how developmental genes are turned on and off."

All cells in an embryo contain the same DNA. Different genes are turned off and on in different cells at different times to form specific tissues and organs as the embryo develops. This gene regulation is accomplished by epigenetic processes that control gene expression without altering DNA. Instead, epigenetic processes attach chemical groups to genes or to histones, proteins that are intertwined with DNA to form chromosomes, to activate genes or to shut them down.

"Our findings provide a new window through which to look at epigenetic control," Yeh said, "and how epigenetics and development are unexpectedly tied together by the SUMO/SENP2 system."

The key actors are members of two tightly associated families of proteins that Yeh and colleagues discovered and continue to study. The first, Small Ubiquitin-related Modifier, or SUMO, attaches to other proteins to modify their function or physically move them within the cell (SUMOylation). The second, Sentrin/SUMO-specific protease 2, or SENP2, snips SUMO off of proteins (de-SUMOylation).

From : medicalnewstoday.com

Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma Survival Rate - Factors Influencing/percent Survival Rate

2009-11-19T06:22:00.000-08:00

Malignant Pleural Mesothelioma is a lethal cancer that starts in the lining of the lungs. The main cause is believed to be unprotected contact with asbestos. Every year about 3000 new cases of this disease are reported in the United States. It is estimated that over the past fifty years nearly eight million people have been exposed to asbestos and that 300,000 new cases would be reported by the year 2030. The peak may be around 2020 and thereafter the incidence is likely to taper down because of the preventive measures that are being taken.

Mesothelioma Survival Rate : An Introduction

The mesothelioma continuation rate indicates the percentage of people with a certain type and stage of mesothelioma who survive the ailment for a specific menstruation of time later their diagnosis. In most cases, statistics refer to the 5-year mesothelioma continuation rate. The 5-year mesothelioma continuation rate is the division of people who are alive 5 years after a mesothelioma diagnosis, whether they have few or no signs or symptoms of mesothelioma, are free of disease, or are receiving treatment for mesothelioma.

The mesothelioma continuation rate is based on large groups of people, and it cannot be used to predict what will happen to a element patient. No two patients are exactly alike, and mesothelioma treatment and responses to treatment vary greatly.

Factors Influencing the Mesothelioma Survival Rate In general, the mesothelioma relic rate will depend on:

- The stage of mesothelioma (see Mesothelioma Stages)
- The size of the tumor
- Whether the tumor can be withdrawn completely by surgery
- The amount of fluid in the chest or abdomen
- The patient's age and general health, including lung and heart health
- The type of mesothelioma cancer cells and how they appear under a microscope
- Whether the mesothelioma has just been diagnosed or has come back.

Overall Mesothelioma Survival Rate

Survival rates can be estimated by different methods for different purposes. The continuation rates granted here are based on the family survival rate. The comparative existence rate measures the survival of mesothelioma patients in collating to the general citizenry to appraisal the effect of cancer. The overall 5-year relative mesothelioma remainder rate for 1998-2002 was approximately 9 percent.

Below are the dependent survival rates for each year following a mesothelioma diagnosis:

- Year 1 mesothelioma continuation rate: 39 percent
- Year 2 relic rate: 20 percent
- Year 3 continuation rate: 11 percent
- Year 4 survival rate: 10 percent
- Year 5 continuation rate: 9 percent.

From : mesothelioma.emedtv.com,ezinearticles.com

Bladder Cancer Prognosis & Treatment

2009-10-22T05:53:00.001-07:00

Bladder cancer prognosis is a medical opinion as to the likely course and outcome of the disease. In other words, the bladder cancer prognosis is the chance that a patient will recover or have a recurrence of bladder cancer. Factors that affect a bladder cancer prognosis include the type and location of the cancer, the stage of the disease, its grade, and the patient's age, general health, and response to treatment.

Bladder Cancer Treatment

Treatment for bladder cancer depends on the stage of the disease, the type of cancer, and the patient's age and overall health. Options include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation, and immunotherapy. In some cases, treatments are combined (e.g., surgery or radiation and chemotherapy, preoperative radiation).

Surgery

The type of surgery depends on the stage of the disease. In early bladder cancer, the tumor may be removed (resected) using instruments inserted through the urethra (transurethral resection).

Bladder cancer that has spread to surrounding tissue (e.g., Stage T2 tumors, Stage T3a tumors) usually requires partial or radical removal of the bladder (cystectomy). Radical cystectomy also involves the removal of nearby lymph nodes and may require a urostomy (opening in the abdomen created for the discharge of urine). Complications include infection, urinary stones, and urine blockages. Newer surgical methods may eliminate the need for an external urinary appliance.

In men, the standard surgical procedure is a cystoprostatectomy (removal of the bladder and prostate) with pelvic lymphadenectomy (removal of the lymph nodes within the hip cavity). The seminal vesicles (semen-conducting tubes) also may be removed. In some cases, this can be performed in a manner that preserves sexual function.

In women with T2 to T3a tumors, the standard surgical procedure is radical cystectomy (removal of the bladder and surrounding organs) with pelvic lymphadenectomy. Radical cystectomy in women also involves removal of the uterus (womb), ovaries, fallopian tubes, anterior vaginal wall (front of the birth canal), and urethra (tube that carries urine from the bladder out of the body). Recent studies have shown some support for modifying this approach to help conserve sexual function.

Segmental cystectomy (partial removal of the bladder), which is a bladder-preserving procedure, may be used in some cases (e.g., patients with squamous cell carcinomas or adenocarcinomas that arise high in the bladder dome). When segmental cystectomy is performed, it may be preceded by radiation therapy in high-risk patients.

Urinary Tract Diversion

Until recently, most bladder cancer patients who underwent cystectomy (bladder removal) required an ostomy (surgical creation of an artificial opening) and an external bag to collect urine. Newer reconstructive surgical methods include the continent urinary reservoir, the neobladder, and the ileal conduit.

The continent urinary reservoir is a urinary diversion technique that involves using a piece of the colon (large intestine) to form an internal pouch to store urine. The pouch is specially refashioned to prevent back-up of urine into the ureters (tubes that carry urine out of the kidneys and into the bladder) and kidneys. The patient drains the pouch with a catheter several times a day, and the stoma site is easily concealed by a band aid.

The neobladder procedure involves suturing a similar intestinal pouch to the urethra so the patient is able to urinate as before, without the need for a stoma. In many cases, there is no sensation to void, but some patients experience abdominal cramping as the neobladder fills.

Complications of the continent urinary reservoir and neobladder include bowel (intestine) obstruction, blood clots, pneumonia (lung inflammation), ureteral reflux (back-flow), and ureteral blockage.

The ileal conduit is a urinary channel that is surgically created from a small piece of the patient's bowel. During this procedure, the ureters are attached to one end of the bowel segment and the other end is brought out of the surface of the body to make a stoma. An external, urine-collecting bag is attached to the stoma and is worn at all times.

Complications of the ileal conduit procedure include bowel obstruction, urinary tract infection (UTI), blood clots, pneumonia, upper urinary tract damage, and skin breakdown around the stoma.

From : cancer.emedtv.com,urologychannel.com

.

How to Stay Away From Cancer With a Strong Immune System.

2009-10-19T15:14:00.001-07:00

A strong immune system would keep all kinds of illnesses away. The system is capable of keeping even cancer away. The human immune system has the ability to suppress or stop the growth of cancerous cells. This could explain the dormancy state of many tumors. The human body's first line of defense aids in getting it rid of bacteria, viruses and fungi. A good and strong immune system would help the cancer patients by keeping them away from infections during treatment.

The cancer suppressing state achieved by a strong immune system is known as equilibrium. During this state the cancer cells loose their ability to grow, some cells are killed. Though this effect is not enough to eliminate the cancer or reduce the size of the tumor. Research is on full swing to check the cell killing ability of the equilibrium state so that it could be used for treating cancer in the future.

The immune system has the property of immuno-surveillance by which it can distinguish the malignant tumor cells from the normal cells and can use its components to eliminate the cancerous cells like it does the bacteria and other antigens that invade the body. The theory of immuno- editing which is relatively new states that the immune system naturally recognizes the cancer cells as foreign and negotiates with it to have three outcomes,

-The immune system eliminates and destroys the cancer completely from the body.
-The immune system attains a balance with the cancer cells, checks their growth but does not destroy them.
-The cancer is elusive and the immune system cannot locate it. It spreads and becomes malignant.

Cancer is still under research and lot of things has still to be discovered. One of the main things required to fight cancer is the immune system and this can be achieved by a healthy diet. Recent research has discovered three groups of food that has been found to increase or boost the immune system's functions. This could therefore help in the active prevention of development of cancer. The following is the list of food found to be beneficial:

-Marine algae like kombu and wakame increases immune function and reduce inflammation. These algae have been found to possess fucoidan, a complex sugar polymer which is responsible for the specific function.

-Some Asian mushrooms like the shiitake, the enokitake and the maitake have the ability to stimulate the immune system.

-Probiotics have been found to replenish the body with good and beneficial bacteria. These are essential for the maintenance of the immune system. Yogurt contains live cultures and consuming this is the easiest way to a healthier immune system.

Red wine is another edible substance that has anticancer properties. The wine contains antioxidants that inhibit the development of cancer. Biological therapy is the new kid on the block and uses the body's immune system to fight cancer directly or indirectly. They can also be used to reduce the side effects of cancer treatment.

From : articleclick.com

.

How are Colon Polyps Screening?

2009-10-18T15:15:00.000-07:00

There are five different stages of colon cancer; a cancer that affects the four to five feet of the upper large intestine. In Stage 0, the cancer hasn't grown past the mucosa of the colon. In Stage I, the cancer has grown through the mucosa but hasn't spread past the colon wall. In Stage II, the cancer has penetrated the wall of the colon, but hasn't yet spread further. In Stage III, the cancer has invaded the surrounding lymph nodes. In Stage IV, the cancer has spread to distant organs through the cancerous lymph nodes. Although 49,920 deaths occur from colorectal cancer each year, it's believed many of these deaths could have been prevented with early detection and treatment.

There are many important risk factors for cancer of the colon that makes someone a good candidate for colon cancer screening. Age is one factor, as about 90% of people diagnosed with this cancer are over 50. People are also more at-risk if they have ever had colorectal cancer, polyps, ulcerative colitis, Crohn's disease, diabetes, acromegaly (a growth hormone disorder) or radiation therapy as part of another cancer treatment. Some studies have shown that a greater risk exists for people who eat diets low in fiber and high in fat/calories, or diets high in red meat/processed meats. Obese individuals and smokers have an increased chance of developing and dying from this type of cancer too. As with most health conditions, genetics also play a role in many cases.

Approximately 5% of all colon cancer is caused by a genetic syndrome passed through the familial line. These syndromes include FAP (familial adenomatous polyposis) and Lynch syndrome (hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer). About 95% of the people diagnosed with either syndrome will develop colon polyps that lead to cancer. The good news is that both of these syndromes are detectable through genetic testing. The idea that someone without these syndromes will develop the cancer because an aunt, grandmother, sibling or parent has is still debated. Some say the family may have all been exposed to the same environmental conditions or unhealthy lifestyle.

Surgery is the primary treatment of advanced colon cancer, where the affected portion of the colon is removed. Sometimes the healthy portions of the colon can simply be reconnected, while other times a bag must be inserted to collect waste. In the early stages, cancerous polyps can be removed with the colonoscope during screening or through non-invasive laparoscopic surgery. Metastatic colon cancer usually requires chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy to remove any leftover cancer that has migrated through the body. Additionally, an exciting new field called "targeted drug therapy" uses the drugs bevacizumab (Avastin), cetuximab (Erbitux) and panitumumab (Vectibix) to prevent tumors from developing new blood vessels (thereby cutting off the nutrient/oxygen flow to cancerous cells) and to inhibit the chemical signal that causes these harmful cells to reproduce.

I urge you to learn more about colon cancer and how colonoscopy screening can save lives. Do not think that colon cleansing is substitute for colon cancer screening. Get the facts about colon cancer today.

From : www.articleclick.com

.

Bladder Cancer : Causes, Symptoms and Treatments

2009-10-17T15:06:00.000-07:00

Bladder is a hollow organ located in lower abdomen i.e. the pelvic region which stores urine coming from kidney. Bladder cancer is one of the most common forms of cancer; seen more in aged people. Men are said to be infected by this tumor more than women. Studies suggest that the ratio of men getting infected is 1:30 whereas for women the ratio is 1: 90.

Bladder cancer can be benign i.e. restricted to the inner most lining of the bladder or it can also be malignant i.e. spreading to the muscular portion of the bladder. Bladder cancer is said to spread through the lymph cells and blood to the other parts of the body, infecting everything.

Bladder cancer can be categorized into three different categories: urothelial carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma. Urothelial carcinoma is the most common form of bladder cancer and nearly 90% of people suffering from bladder cancer have this form of cancer.

Causes: There are various factors leading to this type of cancer. First and foremost; it is caused with the growing age of a person. Secondly; people with excessive intake of fried meat and animal fat, in daily diet, have a great risk of suffering from this form of cancer. Smoking increases chances of bladder cancer. Then there are chemicals too responsible for bladder cancer.

People working in industries dealing with aromatic amines are common sufferers of this problem. Moreover individuals working in leather industry, dyes, textiles, rubber, hair coloring, and paint too are at a risk. There are others who under weight loss programme consume a Chinese herb known as "aristolochai fangchi"� which is supposed to be causing bladder cancer.

There are other causes like when a person has been suffering from urinary infection for a long time then he too is prone to this tumor. Hereditary factors too can't be ignored.

Symptoms: bladder cancer does not have any unusual symptom. Infact the symptoms are very similar to any urinary tract infection. The most noticeable symptom is blood in urine. Then there are other things to watch out for like burning sensation while urinating, frequent urination, urge to urinate after every half an hour but the quantity of urine coming out is very less.

Though these symptoms are not very typical of bladder cancer but nevertheless one is expected to go to an urologist with any kind of bladder infection. However in bladder cancer the symptoms are not visible till in a later stage of infection. This proves to be very risky as it is a well known fact that any tumor at late stages is difficult to cure.

Once the presence of tumor has been established it is important to go for treatments like chemotherapy, radiotherapy, surgery, biological therapy or immunotherapy as soon as possible. However the course of treatment is dependent on the type of tumor, age and health of the person .for bladder cancer it is a well known fact that it can reoccur at later stages. People who suffer from frequent urinary infections or who have a history of bladder cancer should go for regular screening to detect the cancer at early stages.

From : http://www.articleclick.com

.

Boosting Your Immune System - Prevent Cancer

2009-10-16T05:42:00.000-07:00

Cancer usually occurs from genetic, environmental, food, and lifestyle factors. The bodies of most people will fight off cancer cells before they have a chance to multiply and grow; however, sometimes the body is unable to eliminate toxic cells. The best way to fight off cancer cells before they have a chance to attack the body is to make sure your immune system is healthy. Effective ways to prevent and fight off caner cell are as follows

Step 1

Avoid sugar and sugar substitutes to prevent cancer. Cancer feeds off sugar and the harmful chemicals in sugar substitutes.

Step 2

Substitute unsweetened soy milk for regular milk. Most milk has added hormones that are toxic to the body.

Step 3

Drink green tea to boost your immune system. Green tea contains anti-oxidants that help prevent cancer.

Step 4

Eat less meat and more fish. Most meat in the United States contain harmful hormones, antibiotics, and parasites, which are harmful to everyone, especially people who already have cancer.

Step 5

Eat more fresh vegetables, fruit, nuts, seeds, and whole grains to prevent cancer.

Step 6

Take supplements that boost the immune system. Take anti-oxidants, vitamins, minerals, and amino acids to help your immune system. Vitamin E helps the body eliminate bad cells.

Step 7

Exercise every day. Even a daily twenty minute walk will help improve your immune system and prevent cancer.

From : http://www.ehow.com

.

Genetic Link Between Leukemia And Down's Syndrome

2009-10-15T12:17:00.000-07:00

Researchers are closer to developing drugs to treat acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) after identifying mutations in the JAK2 gene involved in Down's syndrome, which is associated with this form of leukemia. Dr Shai Izraeli (Sheba Medical Centre, Ramat Gan, Israel) and colleagues explain their research in an article published early online and in an upcoming edition of The Lancet.

A cancer of the blood or bone marrow, leukemia is a disease characterized by abnormal reproduction of leukocytes, or white blood cells. Down's syndrome is a genetic disorder that occurs when a human has a third copy of chromosome 21 rather than the normal 23 pairs of chromosomes. Not only does Down's syndrome leave children with impaired cognitive ability and physical growth, but the condition also results in a 20-times increased risk of developing acute leukemia, including ALL. Since mutations of the gene JAK2 have been linked to cancers that affect other types of white blood cell (myeloproliferative) disorders, Dr Izraeli and colleagues hypothesized that mutations of JAK2 are a common molecular event found in Down's syndrome-related ALL.

The tests required bone marrow samples from patients with Down's syndrome-related ALL. Of 87 patients who met the necessary criteria, 18% (16) had somatically (spontaneous, not inherited) acquired JAK2 mutations. In addition, the researchers found that children with a JAK2 mutation were 4.1 years younger at ALL diagnosis than those children who did not have the mutation - 4.5 years vs. 8.6 years. The study revealed five mutations (alleles) that each affected a single amino-acid residue in the protein that the gene encoded, called R683.

Dr Izraeli and colleagues conclude that there is a specific association between the development of conditions such as ALL and somatic mutation in the JAK2 gene. They write: "Somatically acquired R683 JAK2 mutations define a distinct acute lymphoblastic leukaemia subgroup that is uniquely associated with Down's Syndrome. JAK2 inhibitors could be useful for treatment of this leukaemia."

Dr Charles G Mullighan (St Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA) writes in an accompanying editorial about the substantial progress that has been made in resequencing entire genomes leukemia and other tumors. Mullighan writes: "These approaches, coupled with genome-wide analyses of alterations to DNA copy number and epigenetic phenomena, will lay bare the genome of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia, and allow us to identify logical pathways for therapeutic intervention in this disease."

Mutations of JAK2 in acute lymphoblastic leukaemias associated with Down's syndrome
Dani Bercovich, Ithamar Ganmore, Linda M Scott, Gilad Wainreb, Yehudit Birger, Arava Elimelech, Chen Shochat, Giovanni Cazzaniga, Andrea Biondi, Giuseppe Basso, Gunnar Cario, Martin Schrappe, Martin Stanulla, Sabine Strehl, Oskar A Haas, Georg Mann, Vera Binder, Arndt Borkhardt, Helena Kempski, Jan Trka, Bella Bielorei, Smadar Avigad, Batia Stark, Owen Smith, Nicole Dastugue, Jean-Pierre Bourquin, Nir Ben Tal, Anthony R Green, Shai Izraeli
The Lancet (2008).

From : http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/122203.php

.

Down Syndrome and Acute Myeloid Leukemia: The Paradox of Increased Risk for Leukemia and Heightened Sensitivity to Chemotherapy

2009-10-15T12:14:00.000-07:00

Georgia Ginopolis Chair for Pediatric Cancer and Hematology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Michigan, Detroit, MI

IN DECEMBER 1990, at the 22nd Annual Meeting of the American Society of Hematology, investigators from the Pediatric Oncology Group (POG; now part of Children’s Oncology Group [COG]) initially presented the unique responsiveness of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) in children with Down syndrome (DS) compared with AML in children without DS, followed by a more complete report in 1992.1,2 Publications before these two reports either commented on the rather dismal outcome of AML in children with DS3 or the lack of any significant difference in survival from children without DS,4 with one anecdotal exception—a comment published in 1989 by Lie,5 noting a possible superior outcome. Since then, the high curability of AML in children with DS has been the subject of numerous publications, supported by the molecular, biochemical, and pharmacologic bases for the markedly superior outcome compared with AML in children without DS. Although all 12 DS children with AML enrolled on the original study POG 8498 achieved complete remission and were long survivors, subsequent publications, while noting the continuing evidence for the high curability (>= 75% event-free survival [EFS] for DS-AML), raised concern for increased mortality with intensification of therapy. This high responsiveness to chemotherapy of AML in those with DS is especially remarkable, given that phenotypically it has the features of megakaryocytic leukemia (AMkL) and is often preceded by a history of myelodysplastic syndrome, both considered poor prognostic predictors of AML in individuals without DS.6,7

In this issue of the Journal of Clinical Oncology, Gamis et al8 examine the experience with AML in children with DS treated on CCG (Children’s Cancer Group, now also part of the COG) study 2891 and report that among children with DS with AML, age older than 2 years may be a relative poor-risk feature. Multivariate analysis of data showed that children with DS who were 2 years or older at diagnosis had an increased risk of relapse (odds ratio 4.9; P = .006). An implication is that in DS children over 2 years AML may be biologically similar to de novo AML, hence the poorer response. Several questions emerge as a result.

Is the Leukemia in DS Biologically Different Based on Age at Diagnosis?

A closer examination of the data of Gamis et al suggests that the risk varies within age groups: "Patients who had AML that was diagnosed between ages 0 to 2 years (n = 94) had a 6-year EFS of 86%, those older than 2 to 4 years (n = 58) had a 70% EFS, and those older than 4 years (n = 9) had a 28% EFS." Thus, for children with DS who are older than 4 years, the EFS is markedly inferior, and is the same as for non-DS children without DS with AML receiving the "standard timing 4 day course" of the dexamethasone, cytarabine, 6-thioguanine, etoposide, and rubidomycin (DCTER) regimen (EFS 21% standard induction- see abstract of Gamis et al8). No data are presented separately for the 2 to 3 and 3 to 4 years age groups, nor are there any details of the individual cases of those older than 4 years. Regardless, the markedly inferior outcome in those 4 years or older would create a "Will Rogers" phenomenon, whether the age cut is at 2 or 3 years, because of stage or risk migration.9 Since the overwhelming majority of children with DS with AML are younger than 3 years of age and only 14% (23 of 161) were older than 36 months in the Gamis et al report, one could argue that if age-related biologic differences in the nature of AML in children with DS existed, a better age cut may be beyond 36 or 48 months of age.

The increased risk for AML in children with DS is well known.6,10,11 Children with DS are also known to have a form of spontaneously resolving leukemia, which is variously referred to as transient myeloproliferative disorder (TMD) or transient leukemia. Zipursky et al10,11 have noted that infants with DS who had TMD have a higher risk for the later development of AMkL, usually by 3 years of age. Recent studies have shown that nonactivating mutations of GATA1 are present in virtually all cases of DS-AML (all of the studied cases to date were in those younger than 4 years) and that the same mutations are seen in TMD cases as well.12–16 Further, in paired samples of TMD and AMkL in the same child, identical GATA1 mutations were noted.13 Backtracking studies in childhood acute lymphocytic leukemia and AML suggest an in utero origin of a leukemic clone in the majority of cases, and a suggestion that the leukemic load at birth may be lower in those with leukemia diagnosed later in childhood.17–19 Thus, an important question to be pursued from the report of Gamis et al8 is whether DS-AML cases older than 2 years lack prior history of TMD and GATA1 mutations? If so, it would clearly indicate a different biologic origin and possibly a difference in response.

What Is the Optimal Therapy for DS-AML?

The superior outcome in DS became obvious only after the inclusion of high-dose cytarabine (Ara-C; HiDAC) in the treatment of childhood AML. Thus, the prevailing opinion is that two or more courses of HiDAC post–remission induction may be necessary for optimal therapy. However, the 100% EFS reported by the POG investigators, based on the POG 8498 AML regimen, has not been duplicated in subsequent studies by POG or by other groups.20–23 Successor studies to POG 8498 eliminated the historic combination course of prednisone, vincristine, methotrexate, and 6-mercaptopurine (POMP), plus the final four courses of conventional dose Ara-C, and sought to intensify the postinduction courses. At the same time, recognition of the unique responsiveness of AML in children with DS lead both to greater enrollment of DS cases on therapeutic studies and the recognition of risk for toxicity and the potential for mortality from infections.24,25 Gamis et al observed no increase in mortality rate in children with DS, but did observe high pulmonary toxicity during induction, including the need for ventilatory support and an increased incidence of mucositis and skin toxicity (perhaps from Ara-C) during intensification. Prolonged induction toxicity may result in premature patient withdrawal from a clinical trial because of concerns from both parents and physicians of putting a developmentally challenged child through excessive toxicity. Studies from Nordic countries and from Germany have shown that undertreated children with DS with AML had markedly inferior outcomes.21,22 Such vagaries in small cohorts may have a profound effect on the eventual outcomes, and it would therefore be of interest to know how many patients completed all courses of chemotherapy in the older age groups of children with DS in the CCG 2891 study. Results with intensively-timed DCTER arm of CCG 2891 in children with DS were worse than with standard-timed DCTER.6 Furthermore, Kojima et al26 obtained an 80% 8-year EFS with two to eight courses of conventional-dose daunorubicin or etoposide, and Ara-C in a 3+3+7-day combination. Hence, moderate-intensity therapy (as in the Japanese study or standard 3+7 combination of daunorubicin + Ara-C, followed by two courses of HiDAC for six doses, each given after full recovery of counts) seems to be the most optimal therapy.

Could the Difference in Outcome by Age Observed by Gamis et al Have a Pharmacologic or Biochemical Basis?

No studies were done, and hence, only speculations are possible. There are several genes on chromosome 21 that not only alter the sensitivity to Ara-C, but also to anthracyclines and other drugs in both specific and nonspecific manners.24,27–29

De novo modulation of cytarabine metabolism.
Taub et al29 noted that the expression levels of two chromosome-21 localized genes, cystathionine B-synthase (CBS), and superoxide dismutase (SOD1), were several fold higher than expected from gene dosage effect. Increased activity of CBS (21q22.1) has been linked to the low levels of homocysteine, methionine, s-adenosyl methionine, and a relative folate deficiency in DS. The relative folate deficiency related to CBS potentially primes the cells for Ara-C cytotoxicity. The net effect of increased CBS activity is a decreased generation of deoxythymidine triphosphate (dTTP). Low dTTP results in the release of the feedback inhibition of deoxycytidine deaminase, resulting in decreased levels of deoxycytidine monophosphate and deoxycytidine triphosphate (dCTP), while deoxycytidine kinase activity is upregulated because of low deoxycytidine monophosphate. In this setting, administration of Ara-C would result in a net increase in the generation of Ara-C triphosphate (Ara-CTP), with less competition from dCTP for binding to DNA and RNA polymerase.27 In studies by the Wayne State group, 27 DS-AML cells have low endogenous dCTP and are significantly more sensitive to Ara-C in the in vitro tetrazolium based cytotoxicity assays; there was a positive correlation of the Ara-C triphosphate values with the CBS transcript levels, which were increased up to 10-fold, and the IC50 values, as expected, had an inverse relationship to the CBS expression level.29

Increased multidrug sensitivity in DS.
In addition to unique endogenous modulation of Ara-C metabolism, DS-AML cells are also unusually sensitive to daunorubicin and other drugs.28,30–33 Chromosome-21 localized carbonyl reductase is involved in the metabolism of anthracyclines, converting the parent drug to a less potent but longer-lasting alcohol derivative (daunorubicinol). The DS cells may be primed to undergo drug-induced apoptosis, presumably due to the well-known increased generation of oxygen radicals in DS cells.24,34,35 The neuronal damage in DS has been linked to increased oxygen radical generation. The precise mechanism of the spontaneous increased oxygen radical generation in DS cells is unknown.36 Paradoxically, a modestly increased activity of superoxide dismutase 1, in the absence of concomitantly increased catalase, may actually be harmful presumably by generating increased amounts of the highly reactive hydroxyl radicals.20,35

Epigenetic influences on treatment response in DS-AML.
If future studies of DS-AML confirm the observations of Gamis et al, a closer look at the epigenetic phenomena that effect the cancer drug metabolism and the overall response to cytotoxic therapy as well, would have to be taken into account. For example, older children with DS are known to have neuroendocrine abnormalities and immune defects.37,38 Zinc deficiency, a well-known feature in older children with DS, has long been suspected as the culprit. There are more than 300 enzymes and 2,000 transcription factors (the list includes GATA1) that are zinc dependent.39 Of particular interest in the DS setting is the zinc dependency of SOD1 and several enzymes involved in B12-folate/thymidine synthetic pathway, including pyridoxal kinase (pyridoxal phosphatase is a cofactor for CBS), thymidine kinase, and 5' nucleotidase. The potential role of SOD1 and CBS has been discussed above. The defective immunity may contribute to the increased morbidity following intensive chemotherapy.

In summary, DS is a unique model for studying the association of leukemia (cancer) biology and therapeutic response. On the one hand, constitutional trisomy of chromosome 21 increases the risk for leukemia several-fold, but on the other, the leukemia is highly sensitive to chemotherapy. There is likely an Achilles’ heel associated with each of the somatic mutations and chromosomal aberrations, resulting in an increased risk for cancer; however, it is up to us to discover it. It is important to recognize that the molecular oncogenic event and the Achilles’ heel may not be one and the same.

From : http://jco.ascopubs.org/cgi/content/full/21/18/3385

.

Leukemia/Down syndrome

2009-10-15T12:10:00.000-07:00

A cancer of the blood or bone marrow, leukemia is a disease characterized by abnormal reproduction of leukocytes, or white blood cells.

Down syndrome is a genetic disorder that occurs when a human has a third copy of chromosome 21 rather than the normal 23 pairs of chromosomes. Not only does Down syndrome leave children with impaired cognitive ability and physical growth, but the condition also results in a 20-times increased risk of developing acute leukemia.

Why am I posting about Leukemia and the risks in children w/Down syndrome? Because often I think about it...often I see a "sign" and get worried--

Anemia

Recurrent Infections
Bone and Joint Pain
Abdominal Distress .
Swollen Lymph Nodes
Difficulty Breathing or Dyspnea

Last Friday night I noticed a few of these signs; anemia, abdominal aches and petechia--broken blood vessels on the stomach/back area.

I called pediatrician for a CBC (complete blood count) this morning and finally a few hours after lunch the results came back--everything looked good. Thanks be to God!!

I was a bit shaken up the entire day. I just surely hope that I never need to go through that again!!

From : http://sainterin.blogspot.com/

.

Cancer information mesothelioma treatment pleural cancer

2009-10-15T01:55:00.000-07:00

Mesothelioma is one of the deadliest diseases known to man; the average life span of an inflicted person from the time of diagnosis until death is less than 24 months. It’s a disease that strikes approximately 3,000 United States citizens each and every year; hard working people who have labored for a lifetime to provide for their families, doing the work that keeps this country running and a great place to live. They worked in factories, at shipyards, in mines, for the US military, as engineers, as pipefitters, as steel workers, as auto mechanics, and in so many other professions. They came home to their loved ones exhausted and covered in dirt and dust; tired, but content that they had a job and were providing for their family. Content that they were putting food on the table and a house over their loved one’s heads. Content that they were working to make a better life for their families in this generation and the next...

But what they didn’t know was that while they were working so hard, they were not only slowly killing themselves, but those that they were working so hard to help; their family, their loved ones.

Mesothelioma is a disease that is almost 100% preventable; the only known cause is via exposure to the deadly mineral Asbestos. It comes from inhaling the particles of dust as the asbestos degrades; eating away at the lining of your lungs and developing into a deadly cancer. Dust that was inhaled in clouds of white powder, dust that was carried home on the clothes of the men who built this country, dust that was cleaned from the clothes by the wives and children who supported their sole provider at home, dust that was packed around the heating systems in houses and offices and schools, dust that carried a deadly price; and dust made a fortune in blood money for the companies that produced it.

Unfortunately, the effects of asbestos on the human body were known to be deadly for years by the companies who employed the ‘greatest generation’ and made hundreds of millions, if not billions, of dollars off of their backs. But instead of taking simple steps to alleviate the problem and save the lives of thousands of their workers, they choose to do nothing and continue to make a “healthy” profit with a “deadly” product. Many even went so far as to hide the truth from their workers and their families. And because the normal latency period for Mesothelioma (The time from exposure until the patient falls ill) is 20 to 30 years, many got away with this for years. We are only now beginning to see the full effects of the disease, and feel the terrible outcry of the people against those who put profits before human lives to a degree that is simply unfathomable.

MesoLink.org is a site created to provide you with up to date information on the deadly disease Mesothelioma. We strive to provide the most complete overview of the disease and all aspects of it. This includes general information on the disease, breaking news on the search for a cure and perspective legislation designed to limit you as well as all other news on the subject, links to other sites and online resources that can provide important and in-depth Mesothelioma and cancer related information, and a legal guide to help you with the complex legal issues involved with Mesothelioma.

From : http://www.mesolink.org/

.

Malignant peritoneal pleural mesothelioma asbestos cancer and treatment information

2009-10-15T01:45:00.000-07:00

Mesothelioma (cancer of the mesothelium) is a disease in which cells of the mesothelium become abnormal and divide without control or order. Mesothelioma is a cancer of the linings of the lungs, chest, abdomen, and the organs contained in those areas, rather than a cancer that forms in the lungs.They can invade and damage nearby tissues and organs. Cancer cells can also metastasize (spread) from their original site to other parts of the body. Mesothelioma is most frequently caused by exposure to asbestos. Asbestos is a group of naturally occurring minerals. Asbestos releases strong, microscopic fibers that may injure the protective linings surrounding the body's organs.Most cases of mesothelioma begin in the pleura or peritoneum.

Malignant mesothelioma is an uncommon, but no longer rare, cancer that is difficult to diagnose and poorly responsive to therapy. Malignant mesothelioma is the most serious of all asbestos-related diseases. Thousands of Americans die each year from asbestos related disease including mesothelioma cancer.

A layer of specialized cells called mesothelial cells lines the chest cavity, abdominal cavity, and the cavity around the heart. These cells also cover the outer surface of most internal organs. The tissue formed by these cells is called mesothelium.There are three main types of malignant mesothelioma: epithelial, sarcomatoid and mixed. The epithelial type is the most common.

The mesothelium helps protect the organs by producing a special lubricating fluid that allows organs to move around. For example, this fluid makes it easier for the lungs to move inside the chest during breathing. The mesothelium of the chest is called the pleura and the mesothelium of the abdomen is known as the peritoneum. The mesothelium of the pericardial cavity (the "sac-like" space around the heart) is called the pericardium.

Tumors of the mesothelium can be benign (noncancerous) or malignant (cancerous). A malignant tumor of the mesothelium is called a malignant mesothelioma. Because most mesothelial tumors are cancerous, malignant mesothelioma is often simply called mesothelioma.

Mesothelioma was recognized as a tumor of the pleura, peritoneum and pericardium in the late 1700's. However it was not until much later, in 1960, that this particular type of tumor was described in more detail and even more importantly, its association with asbestos exposure was recognized. The first report linking mesothelioma to asbestos exposure was written by J.C.Wagner, and described 32 cases of workers in the "Asbestos Hills" in South Africa. Since then, the relationship between mesothelioma and asbestos exposure has been confirmed in studies around the world. Once it develops, this type of cancer will continue to grow and spread until it is treated.

About three-fourths of malignant mesothelioma occurrences start in the chest cavity and is known as pleural mesothelioma. Another 10% to 20% begin in the abdomen and is called peritoneal mesothelioma. Pericardial mesothelioma, starting in the cavity around the heart, is very rare. The covering layer of the testicles is actually an out pouching of peritoneum into the scrotum. Mesothelioma that affects this covering of the testicles is quite rare.

About 90 percent of people who are diagnosed with malignant mesothelioma have chest pain or shortness of breath as the first symptoms of the disease. Chest pain is caused mainly by the cancer itself, which irritates nerve cells in nearby tissues. Less severe chest discomfort and shortness of breath generally are caused by a collection of fluid between the two layers of the pleura in the chest, not by the cancer itself. This collection of fluid is called a pleural effusion. People with mesothelioma that develops in the abdominal lining can have abdominal pain and swelling caused by an accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity. Other possible symptoms include cough, fatigue and unexplained weight loss.

Mesothelioma is not caused by smoking, as lung cancer so often is. Instead, mesothelioma is tied almost exclusively to the mineral asbestos. Of the 2,000 new cases of mesothelioma reported in the United States each year, 70 to 80 percent can be traced to tiny, airborne shards of asbestos, which in the past was used in the production of construction materials ranging from cement to shingles to siding, and was extensively used as insulation.

Mesothelioma also is not a disease of the past. Although protections against occupational asbestos exposure have been in place since the 1970s, asbestos-related cancers such as mesothelioma can take 30 to 50 years to show up, according to the Mesothelioma Applied Research Foundation.

There are several misconceptions about mesothelioma.
For one thing, it is not lung cancer. It is a cancer of the two-layered membrane that covers and protects most of the body’s organs. That membrane, the mesothelium, is also called pericardium where it covers the heart, peritoneum where it surrounds most of the other abdominal organs, and pleura where it envelops the lungs, which is also where it most often turns cancerous.

The mesothelium of the chest is called the pleura

The mesothelium of the abdomen is known as the peritoneum.

The mesothelium of the pericardial cavity ("sac-like" space around the heart) is called the pericardium.

About 50 to 70 percent of its occurrences are the epithelioid type: This type has the best forecast (outlook for survival).

Three Types of Mesothelioma Cancer

2009-10-14T22:05:00.000-07:00

Pleural Mesothelioma Cancer

Pleural mesothelioma is the most common type of malignant mesothelioma. It is the form that affects the pleural space, the thin membrane between the lungs and the chest cavity, but often spreads widely and invades other thoracic structures. Patients are often older men who experience dyspnea (difficult or labored respiration), chest pain, extensive pleural effusions (leakage of fluid through the membrane surrounding the lungs), coughing up of blood, raspy voices, and shortness of breath. Pleural mesothelioma is usually fatal within one year.

Peritoneal Mesothelioma Cancer

Peritoneal mesothelioma is a form of mesothelioma that affects the peritoneum (the membrane surrounding the abdominal cavity), resulting in tumors in the stomach and abdominal organs. It may spread to involve the intestines and cause obstruction. Symptoms include ascites (accumulation of fluid in the abdomen), pain, a mass in the abdomen, loss of appetite, anemia, fever, vomiting, and blood clotting abnormalities.

Pericardial Mesothelioma Cancer

The third and rarest type of this disease is pericardial mesothelioma. Pericardial mesothelioma affects the tissue and cavity surrounding the heart. Symptoms may include chest pain, shortness of breath, excessive coughing, and palpitations (abnormally rapid and strong heart beat).

From : http://www.mesotheliomatreatmentcenters.org

.

settlement mesothelioma treatment cancer information pleural

2009-10-14T22:01:00.000-07:00

Mesothelioma is a rare but deadly cancer that kills approximately 2,500 to 3,000 people each year in the U.S. Mesothelioma cancer has been diagnosed at an alarming rate, based in part on two factors:

Since the latency period for mesothelioma cancer to show symptoms is often up to 50 years after asbestos exposure, many WWII veterans and others who were exposed to asbestos in the 1940s and 50s are now being diagnosed with having a type of asbestos cancer.

Mesothelioma used to be misdiagnosed as other types of cancer or respiratory diseases. Nowadays, the tests for mesothelioma are better, physicians are more aware of the existence of mesothelioma, and the disease is being “caught” more often.

What Is Mesothelioma Cancer?

The mesothelium is a tissue lining inside the chest cavity of the body. Although there are several specific types of mesothelioma cancer, such as pleural mesothelioma and malignant mesothelioma, the cancer most often attacks the pleura. The pleura is the tissue sac that holds the lungs. A diagnosis of mesothelioma is usually fatal. The average life expectancy after a mesothelioma cancer diagnosis is about 18 months.

How Does Someone Get Mesothelioma Cancer?

The only confirmed cause of mesothelioma is asbestos exposure. Asbestos is a naturally occurring mineral that is composed of millions of fibers that are too small to see with the naked eye. When a product that contains asbestos is manipulated — that is, when it is installed or removed or repaired or just in poor condition — it is likely to shed or release some of these fibers, which are so light that they float in the air for hours or even days. People in the vicinity can breathe in the asbestos fibers without even knowing they are doing so.

The asbestos fibers become lodged in the lungs and/or other internal organs, where they can cause the development of mesothelioma. This cancer is common among people who work in asbestos mines or work with asbestos products (which are very common in the construction of buildings and ships), but people who are simply exposed to an asbestos product can also develop mesothelioma cancer.Although a curable mesothelioma treatment has not yet been found, researchers are constantly working to cure the illness. Mesothelioma treatment centers have also been opened throughout the country to help support those who are living with the illness.

Who Is Vulnerable to Mesothelioma Cancer?

Mesothelioma is more common compared to the general population, among the following occupations:

Plumbers
Pipefitters
Steamfitters
Shipyard workers
Electricians
Elementary school teachers (perhaps because of time spent in classrooms with asbestos-containing ceilings)

Asbestos Products Are Everywhere

However, since asbestos-containing products are estimated to have been installed in hundreds of millions of homes, schools, office buildings, factories, and other structures in the U.S. in the 1940s through the 1970s, it is possible for virtually anyone to be exposed to a toxic level of asbestos.

Is there a Mesothelioma Treatment?

If you or a member of your family has been diagnosed with mesothelioma cancer, learn all that you can about this disease and about your rights and options.

From : http://www.mesotheliomatreatmentcenters.org

.

Alabama attorney mesothelioma pleural

2009-10-14T01:59:00.000-07:00

This page contains all the information that you will ever need about alabama attorney mesothelioma pleural. If you have been searching the internet for alabama attorney mesothelioma pleural be sure to checkout the assortment of links about alabama attorney mesothelioma pleural. At the bottom of the page you will notice that there is updated news about alabama attorney mesothelioma pleural and other related news. Feel free to browse the site, and enjoy your search for alabama attorney mesothelioma pleural.

And if you don't find anything about alabama attorney mesothelioma pleural on our site be sure to check out the search engines.

.

Our Austin-Based Pleural Mesothelioma Attorney Serves Houston and All of Texas

2009-10-14T01:56:00.000-07:00

Understanding Your Mesothelioma Diagnosis

Mesothelioma is a cancer of the mesothelium, the protective sac that covers and protects most internal organs of the body. The mesothelium has two layers, one, which covers the organ, and a second The only known cause of mesothelioma is exposure to asbestos. It is difficult to diagnose and treat, there are a number of options available to you. Read the resources below to learn more about treating mesothelioma and related conditions Treating Mesothelioma with Surgery Treating Mesothelioma with Chemotherapy Treating Mesothelioma with Gene Therapy Alternative Therapies Leading Cancer Hospitals and Clinics Clinical Trials for Mesothelioma Each treatment carries benefits and risks, so it is important that you understand the fees being charges. Contingency is the term that means that the lawyer gets paid only after they collect money for you. The amount of the contingency fee that your lawyer can charge varies and is usually between 33 and 40 . It is important to discuss fees openly, ask what services they cover, how they are calculated, and whether there will be any extra charges. Finally, for something as important as a mesothelioma lawsuit, your attorney should not only.

At Mundy & Singley of Austin we understand the fear and confusion a person faces when first diagnosed with asbestos-linked pleural mesothelioma or any other form of dreaded cancer. In addition to the extreme hardship on the meso victim, mesothelioma can wreak havoc on the victim’s family. We recognize that mesothelioma also brings extreme hardship to your family emotionally and financially who in addition to worrying about the meso victim, now must worry about the mounting medical bills, lost income and uncertain future. While we cannot cure mesothelioma, we can work for you and your family to try to make something good come from a very bad situation. Our Austin asbestos mesothelioma attorneys will fight to achieve compensation and justice when a diagnosis of pericardial, peritoneal, or pleural mesothelioma impacts a client who either lives or worked in any Texas community.

If you are exhibiting symptoms related to mesothelioma, or if you have ever worked with or around asbestos, it is critical that you contact our office in Austin to speak with a pleural mesothelioma attorney as soon as possible. We can help to begin the legal process of protecting you and your loved ones.

From : http://www.mundysingley.com/html/mesothelioma.html

.

Mesothelioma - Attorney Mesothelioma Michigan Pleural

2009-10-14T01:53:00.000-07:00

All about Mesothelioma - attorney mesothelioma michigan pleural ... Attorney Mesothelioma Michigan Pleural Info. Alaska Mesothelioma Attorney. Arkansas Asbestos Attorney ...

Michigan Mesothelioma Attorneys

Just as Mesothelioma attorneys have specific experience and training, patients seek medical experts who have education and experience focused on this type of cancer. Michigan Mesothelioma attorneys review a patient's records and build a legal case based on the careful and thorough documentation of medical professionals. Although these physicians are not endorsed by this Web site, they do specialize in Mesothelioma treatment and care, evidence that this rare form of cancer requires expert management from medical professionals.

LawInfo Lead Counsel Qualified Mesothelioma Attorneys

W. Roy Smythe, MD
Professor and Chairman/Department of Surgery, Texas A&M University System Health Sciences Center, Scott & White Hospital, Temple, TXPhone: 254-724-2595 Dr. Smythe is currently accruing patients for a protocol involving extrapleural pneumonectomy and Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy (IMRT).

David C. Rice, MD
Assistant Surgeon and Assistant Professor of Surgery; Director, Mesothelioma Program; Director, Minimally Invasive Surgery Program, Thoracic Surgery/The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TXPhone: (713) 794-1477

Dr. Rice is currently concluding enrollment on a Phase II trial of extrapleural pneumonectomy (EPP) followed by Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy (IMRT). He is also planning a new trial of preoperative Alimta/Cisplatin, followed by EPP and IMRT.

David J. Sugarbaker, MD
Chief, Division of Thoracic Surgery/Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA Chief, Department of Surgical Services/Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MAPhone: (617) 732-6824 Dr. Sugarbaker supports aggressive treatment of pleural mesothelioma. He advocates tri-modal therapy; extrapleural pneumonectomy, chemotherapy and radiation.

Valerie W. Rusch, FACS
Attending Thoracic Surgeon/Memorial-Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NYPhone: (212) 639-5873 Dr. Rusch is recognized among medical professionals for the treatment of pleural mesothelioma and has written several papers comparing pleural decortication to extrapleural pneumonectomy.

Raja M. Flores, MD
Attending Thoracic Surgeon/Memorial-Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NYPhone: (212) 639-2806 Dr. Flores works as the Principal Investigator on a clinical trial of neoadjuvant gemcitabine and cisplatin followed by extrapleural pneumonectomy and high dose radiation. He is also involved in a trial of neoadjuvant Alimta/cisplatin, extrapleural pneumonectomy and high dose radiation. He has also compiled a 1,000 patient database to research areas of failure, and how to improve treatments for mesothelioma.

Paul H. Sugarbaker, MD, FACS, FRCS
Director, Surgical Oncology/Washington Cancer Institute, Washington, DCPhone: (202) 877-3908 Dr. Sugarbaker is a specialist in the treatment of peritoneal mesothelioma using a combination of surgery, chemotherapy and radiation.

Brian W. Loggie, MD
Professor of Surgery, Creighton University Medical School; Chief, Division of Surgical Oncology; Director of Cancer Center/Creighton University Medical Center, Omaha, NEPhone: (402) 280-4100 Dr. Loggie specializes in the treatment of peritoneal mesothelioma and peritoneal carcinomatosis. His protocol, based on eligibility, involves surgical debulking in combination with intraperitoneal heated chemotherapy.

Claire F. Verschraegen, MD
Director, Clinical Trial Office and Investigational Drug Program/Cancer Research and Treatment Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NMPhone: (505) 272-4551Dr. Verschraegen is currently conducting a front-line Alimta/gemcitabine trial for peritoneal mesothelioma patients. She also offers the following Phase I trials for patients who have already been treated with Alimta:

- Phase I Study of Capecitabine with Cisplatin and Irinotecan in Patients with Advanced Malignancies
- Phase I Study of Intravenous TZT-1027 and Gemcitabine, Administered on Day 1 and Day 8 of a Three Week Course in Patients with Advanced Solid Tumors
- Phase I Study of Flavoperidol in Combination with Gemcitabine and Irinotecan in Patients with Metastatic Cancer

David P. Mason, MD
Staff Surgeon, Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery/Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH Phone: (216) 444-4053 Dr. Mason supports the aggressive multimodality therapy for malignant mesothelioma. This includes extrapleural pneumonectomy, chemotherapy and radiation with Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy (IMRT). Cleveland Clinic Foundation has a multidisciplinary Thoracic Oncology team with extensive experience and clinical trials in the management of malignant mesothelioma.

David M. Jablons, MD
Assistant Professor of Surgery Chief, General Thoracic Surgery/UCSF Mt. Zion Medical Center, San Francisco, CAPhone: (415) 885-3882 Dr. Jablons manages pleural mesothelioma with a radical pleurectomy/decortication and is researching other therapies.

Lary A. Robinson, MD
Director, Division of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery Principal Thoracic Surgical Oncologist/H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FLPhone: (813) 972-8412 Dr. Robinson is a member of the multidisciplinary thoracic oncology group at H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center where he evaluates and treats all stages of mesothelioma. He is also involved in clinical research programs for lung cancer and mesothelioma.

Robert N. Taub, MD
Professor of Clinical Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons/New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NYPhone: (212) 305-4076 Dr. Robert Taub is a medical oncologist and Director of the Connective Tissue Oncology Program at the Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center and involved in several ongoing multimodality studies of patients with pleural and peritoneal mesothelioma. The Center is located at the Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons.

Daniel Sterman, MD
Assistant Professor, Department of Medicine/University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, Philadelphia, PAPhone: (215) 614-0984 Dr. Sterman is the has published several articles on treatment and clinical trials for pleural mesothelioma.

Eric Vallieres, MD
Associate Professor of Surgery, Section of General Thoracic Surgery/University of Washington Medical Center, Seattle, WAPhone: (206) 598-4477 Dr. Vallieres employs a multidisciplinary approach to thoracic malignancies and related clinical trials. Dr. Vallieres co-authored an article on Induction Chemotherapy, Extra Pleural Pneumonectomy And Adjuvant Fast Neutron Radiationtherapy For Pleural Mesothelioma.

Stephen C. Yang, MD
Chief, Division of Thoracic Surgery/Associate Professor of Surgery and Oncology/Surgical Director, Lung Transplantation Program/Director, Thoracic Oncology Program/Johns Hopkins Medical Institutions, Baltimore, MD Phone: (410) 614-3891

Mark J. Krasna, MD
Chief, Division of Thoracic Surgery/University of Maryland School of Medicine; Director, Thoracic Oncology Program/University of Maryland Greenebaum Cancer Center, Baltimore, MDPhone: (410) 328-6366Dr. Krasna has been published extensively on the role of multidisciplinary treatment of lung and esophageal cancers. He is the Principal Investigator of a trimodality treatment protocol for pleural mesothelioma at the University of Maryland. He is also an investigator in intrapleural therapy for mesothelioma.

David H. Harpole, Jr., MD
Associate Professor of Surgery, Thoracic Oncology Program/AssistantProfessor of Pathology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NCPhone: (919) 668-8413

Harvey Pass, MD
Karmanos Cancer Institute, Detroit, MIPhone: (313) 745-8746 Dr. Pass is has been recognized around the world for the treatment of mesothelioma, with special expertise in the field of photodynamic therapy, a non-surgical approach.

Gregory P. Kalemkerian, MD
Co-Director of Thoracic Oncology/University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center/Ann Arbor, MIPhone: (734) 936-5281 Dr. Kalemkerian is the director of the multidisciplinary thoracic oncology clinic at the University of Michigan Cancer Center, as well as collaborating with the thoracic oncology team at Karmanos Cancer Institute, to develop innovative clinical trials for mesothelioma patients.

Joseph S. Friedberg, MD
Chief of Thoracic Surgery/University of Pennsylvania at Presbyterian, Philadelphia, PAPhone: (215) 662-9195 Dr. Friedberg is the Principal Investigator on a trial of photodynamic therapy for pleural malignancies, and also on a trial combining Alimta/cisplatin, surgery and XRT.

.

Prostate Massage for Sexual Fulfillment

2009-10-14T01:13:00.000-07:00

Prostate massage is a great tool for assisting in the experience of a fulfilling sexual experience and an overall satisfying sex life. Prostate massage involves stimulating a man's "G-Spot" - also known as the "P-Spot" because stimulating the prostate is what leads to an almost immediate orgasm. Women have a G-spot - an area that when stimulated leads to orgasm and men have one as well.

A man's G-Spot or P-Spot is much easier to find and stimulate than a woman's because it is a known fact to be located in the prostate gland. Prostate massage will stimulate the prostate gland and consistently produce an orgasm in a man.
Why prostate massage is so erotically powerful

A man's prostate gland is located at the base of the rectum, so successful prostate massage engages this area. Some partners are hesitant to engage this area of the body for prostate massage because of the similarity to perceived homosexual sexuality. But the male G-Spot or P-Spot is located fairly shallowly within the rectum cavity, and prostate stimulation bears no resemblance to any homosexual acts.

Prostate massage is a sexual tool enjoyed by many monogamous, heterosexual couples. If it initially seems a little too alternative to your usual sexual practices, you'd be surprised at how many heterosexual couples regularly engage in prostate stimulation.

Prostate massage has the ability to induce male orgasm without genital stimulation. And if you engage prostate massage during sexual intercourse, it will produce a much stronger, more intense orgasm - kind of like getting two orgasms in one! Prostate massage is best undertaken with a lubricated instrument or finger to ease the stimulation.
How to enjoy prostate massage

If you're looking to add a little spice to your sex life, try a little prostate massage during your next sexual encounter. If you're a woman, try prostate massage as foreplay or during intercourse for an extra burst of pleasure for your man. If you're a man, don't be afraid to self-prostate massage as a key to show your partner how to please you. And active sex life needs to include regular variation; if your sex life has become routine and stale, adding prostate massage may be just the way to add some variety to your routine.

If your sex life has been fairly tame and standard, and you are nervous about just throwing prostate massage into your repertoire, talk to your partner to see how they feel about it. Sex and sexual preference can be a delicate thing, and although prostate massage is an extremely pleasurable act for most people, you may not want to catch your partner off guard and have your little sexual surprise backfire.

Prostate massage is a practice that has been enjoyed for centuries, from the ancient Greeks and the Indian Karma Sutra to present day modern sexuality. Prostate massage is not deviant in any way - it is a completely normal and healthy form of sexual expression. If you've not yet experienced prostate massage, give it a try during your next sexual encounter - you may just be pleasantly surprised!

From : http://www.thebodypharmacy.co.uk

.

Self Prostate Milking : For Pleasure and for Health

2009-10-14T01:09:00.000-07:00

The prostate gland plays a major role both in a man’s reproductive capacity and his ability to enjoy sexual acts. Little wonder then that this organ has been called the “male G-spot” or the “male uterus.” Knowing the right way to stimulate it can bring intense orgasmic pleasure. And because some studies suggest that having orgasms regularly can prevent a host of prostate disorders, more and more men are finding it to their benefit to indulge in self prostate milking.

The prostate gland is responsible for producing semen, that milky liquid that carries spermatozoa coming from the testicles and out of the penis during orgasm. While masturbation and sexual intercourse do their part in relieving the prostate of its load of semen, there are times when a partner is unavailable or a man wants to try something other than regular masturbation for a change. Here is where self prostate milking comes into play.

How does one go about doing this, especially if it’s the first time? One of the things a man should overcome is the unease that he may feel at having something penetrate him anally. Some men wonder whether they have latent homosexual feelings if they indulge in this kind of activity. But this isn’t so; all men can engage in self prostate milking whatever their sexual orientation. Another concern is that the anus is “dirty” or “unclean” because it is where fecal matter comes out. Again, this is a misconception. In fact, the mouth harbors more bacteria than any other part of the body.

You should try to find the most comfortable position for you before starting. You can lie on your side or squat for easy access. The prostate swells when a man is sexually aroused, so it would be best if you are turned on before starting so that you find your prostate immediately. It’s a walnut-sized bump located about two inches inside the rectum, behind the base of your penis. To milk the prostate, massage it gently at first, either with your finger or a sex toy, then firmer and faster as the rhythm gets you. But be sure not to massage it too vigorously, or else you run the risk of injury.

Some men recommend masturbating the penis simultaneously with self prostate milking for a one-of-a-kind sexual experience. You could have prolonged and more intense orgasms this way, and with more than the usual amount of semen coming out, especially if you haven’t had any sexual activity for a while.

However, some men report that while they do not achieve orgasm when milking their prostate glands, the level of pleasure they feel is still very intense. The semen trickles out or flows into a pool even though there’s no ejaculation, in terms of how that word is commonly understood. Instead, one feels a deep sense of pleasurable fulfillment; it has been compared to a very good bowel movement – only a hundred times more erotic.

You should be aware that there are studies indicating that certain men who masturbate or have ejaculations regularly have lower incidences of prostate inflammation, prostate cancer, and prostate enlargement. Given this evidence, self prostate milking seems to be a safe, convenient, and inexpensive way to make sure that one’s libido and prostate health are in optimum condition.

From : http://ezinearticles.com

.

To find out if you have leukemia

2009-10-14T00:58:00.000-07:00

a doctor will..
- Ask questions about your past health and symptoms.
- Do a physical exam. The doctor will look for swollen lymph nodes and check to see if your spleen or liver is enlarged.
- Order blood tests. Leukemia causes a high level of white blood cells and low levels of other types of blood cells.

If your blood tests are not normal, the doctor may want to do a bone marrow biopsy. This test lets the doctor look at cells from inside your bone. This can give key information about what type of leukemia it is so you can get the right treatment.
How is it treated?

What type of treatment you need will depend on many things, including what kind of leukemia you have, how far along it is, and your age and overall health.

If you have acute leukemia, you will need quick treatment to stop the rapid growth of leukemia cells. In many cases, treatment makes acute leukemia go into remission. Some doctors prefer the term "remission" to "cure," because there is a chance the cancer could come back.

If you have chronic lymphocytic leukemia, you may not need to be treated until you have symptoms. But chronic myelogenous leukemia will probably be treated right away. Chronic leukemia can rarely be cured, but treatment can help control the disease.

Treatments for leukemia include

Chemotherapy, which uses powerful medicines to kill cancer cells. This is the main treatment for most types of leukemia.

Radiation treatments. Radiation therapy uses high-dose X-rays to destroy cancer cells and shrink swollen lymph nodes or an enlarged spleen. It may also be used before a stem cell transplant.

Stem cell transplant. Donated stem cells can rebuild your supply of normal blood cells and boost your immune system. Before the transplant, radiation or chemotherapy is used to destroy cells in bone marrow and make room for donated cells.

Biological therapy. This is the use of special medicines that improve your body's natural defenses against cancer.

For some people, clinical trials are a treatment option. Clinical trials are research projects to test new medicines and other treatments. Often people with leukemia take part in these studies.

Some treatments for leukemia can cause side effects. Your doctor can tell you what problems are common and help you find ways to manage them.

Finding out that you or your child has leukemia can be a terrible shock. It may help to:

Learn all you can about the type of leukemia you have and its treatment. This will help you make the best choices and know what to expect.

Stay as strong and well as possible. A healthy diet, plenty of rest, and regular exercise can help.

Talk to other people or families who have faced this disease. Ask your doctor about support groups in your area. You can also find people online who will share their experiences with you.

From: http://www.webmd.com

.

What is subtotal colectomy surgery entails? - partial colectomy - colectomy surgery

2009-10-11T12:07:00.000-07:00

A colectomy is an operation in which surgeons remove part of the large intestine (colon). How much of the colon is removed -- and just where it is removed from -- depends on what condition is troubling you. For example, if a person has cancer in the right side of the colon, then the right segment of the colon is removed. Generally the amount of colon removed will depend on the way the blood supply to the areas of the colon is arranged in a specific patient. In some colectomies, such as those to remove a part of the left colon in diverticulitis, only a short segment of colon is removed.

Your colon begins on the right side (at the end of the small intestine) and continues across the abdomen (the transverse colon) to the left side, which connects to the rectum. If the right colon is removed, then some of small intestine and transverse colon may also be taken out. If the left colon is removed, then a part of the transverse may also be removed. It is generally preferable to leave the rectum in place since it performs the important function of storing stool. If the rectum has to be removed, as is the case in some patients with ulcerative colitis, surgeons often build a new rectum using other intestinal segments.

If a colectomy is done on a nonemergency basis, doctors make every effort to reconnect the remaining colon together, thus avoiding a colostomy. Besides the obvious inconvenience, a colostomy would require another operation at a later time to reconnect the bowel.

Keep in mind that regardless of what procedure is done, most patients will lead normal lives after a colectomy. That is because the small intestine -- not the colon -- is responsible for performing most of the bowel's vital functions. Since the main action of the colon is to absorb water from the stool, one change that patients may experience is softer, more frequent stools. This is rarely a problem that requires a lifestyle change. I encourage you to spend more time with your surgeon discussing the reason for your proposed operation, along with the various surgical options available to you.

From : http://yourtotalhealth.ivillage.com

.

Biphasic Mesothelioma

2009-09-07T07:21:00.000-07:00

Biphasic mesothelioma is the second most common cellular form of this disease, accounting for 20 to 40 percent of all known cases. As the name implies, biphasic mesothelioma is a mixture of two types of cancer cells.

Characteristics

Unlike the more common epithelioid type, biphasic mesothelioma cells lack a specific structure. This type of mesothelioma is a mix of epithelioid and sarcomatoid cells. Whereas the former has a clearly visible nucleus and is found in uniform, organized arrangements and tend to be of a single shape, sarcomatoid cells are more oval or oblong shaped and have no easily identifiable nucleus. Although both types are present in a biphasic tumor, they have a tendency to form in differentiated groups; they are not usually found in the same area of the tumor.

Diagnosis and Treatment

Mesothelioma is exceptionally difficult to diagnose, which is why it is usually not discovered until it has reached an advanced stage. It is important to confirm a history of asbestos exposure, as mesothelioma symptoms are similar to a wide range of respiratory illnesses.

The primary physician usually takes an x-ray; if there is cause for concern, the patient is referred to a radiology lab, where more advanced images are taken. If abnormal areas are discovered, a tissue sample, or biopsy is taken to confirm the diagnosis.

A recent test developed by a Japanese biotech company, called MESOMARK, may help pathologists in diagnosing mesothelioma at an earlier stage, when it is most treatable.

Treatment in most cases is limited to palliative ones, since the disease is usually diagnosed too late for surgery. Mesothelioma is usually treated with some combination of radiation and chemotherapy; surgical techniques may be used to relieve the symptoms, but in the later stages are usually not effective in treating the disease.

.

Sarcomatoid Mesothelioma

2009-09-07T07:20:00.000-07:00

Mesothelioma is a cancer that attacks the lubricative layer lining the inside of the chest and abdomen and the internal organs. Pathologists categorize cases according to levels of criteria, which are as follows:

Location:

Lungs (pleural)
Abdomen (peritoneal)
Heart (pericardial)

Stage:

Stage I - Cancer cells have started to form
Stage II - Cancer has spread locally
Stage III - Cancer has spread to adjoining areas
Stage IV - Cancer has begun to metastasize

Cellular Structure:

Epithelial (organized and structured)
Sarcomatoid (random and irregular)
Biphasic (a mix of epithelial and sarcomatoid)
Desoplastic (a variation of the sarcomatoid variety)

Cellular structure is determined by an actual visual examination of the cells under a microscope.

About Sarcomatoid Mesothelioma

Sarcomatoid Mesothelioma accounts for approximately 10 to 15 percent of all diagnoses. The cancer cells in this case are elongated and spindle-shaped, and are arranged in a rather haphazard way. Sarcomatoid cells also lack a nucleus, unlike epithelioid cells, which have clearly visible nuclei.

The desoplastic variety of sarcomatoid mesothelioma is difficult to distinguish from healthy tissue in many cases, making an accurate diagnosis challenging.

Diagnosis

Once symptoms have been cataloged and a history of asbestos exposure determined, the next step is to look inside the body - initially with x-rays, followed up by more sophisticated imaging such as CT scans or MRIs. If these images reveal serious abnormalities, a biopsy (tissue samples) will be ordered. These are examined and analyzed at a lab, which usually confirms or contradicts the diagnosis.

When it comes to the sarcomatoid mesothelioma, traditional methods of biopsy pose additional challenges; the normal "needle core" method often results in false information, as sarcomatoid cells are often similar in appearance to benign fibrous tissue. Additionally, histological methods of diagnosis often make it difficult to distinguish between sarcomatoid mesothelioma and other types of unrelated sarcomatoid cancers.

A precise and accurate diagnosis is vital, because a misdiagnosis can lead to an inappropriate course of treatment being prescribed; it is a good idea to get a second and even a third opinion if mesothelioma is suspected.

Treatment Options

Although the details will differ depending on the individual case, all forms of cancer are treated through some combination of surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. How these are administered depends on the location and stage of the cancer.

Unfortunately, sarcomatoid mesothelioma is notoriously resistant to treatment, and prognosis is not good. Average survival rates between diagnosis and death is seven months.

.

Epithelial Mesothelioma

2009-09-07T07:19:00.001-07:00

Epithelial mesothelioma cells have a definite structure with visible nuclei. This is the most common variant of this type of cancer, accounting for about 60 percent of all cases. This type of mesothelioma develops when malignant cells develop on any of the mesothelial linings. When examined under a microscope, these cells are of a uniform size and shape, and resemble normal, healthy epithelial cells.

Epithelial mesothelioma cells also bear a strong resemblance to adenocarcinoma cells, which are also associated with lung tissue. Patients who have been diagnosed with adenocarcinoma should also be examined for mesothelioma as well.

Variants

Papillary mesothelioma is an example of epithelial mesothelioma; other variants include any of the following:

Signet Ring
Single File
Adenoid Cystic
Glandular
Tubulopapillary
Histiocytoid
Microcystic
Macrocystic
Glomeruloid
Diffuse - NOS
Small Cell
Deciduoid
Pleomorphic
In Situ
Mucin Positive
Well-Differentiated Papillary
Gaucher Cell-Like

What differentiates these various types are the shape, size and formation of the cells. This can determine what course of treatment is appropriate for the patient's situations.

Epithelial Mesothelioma and Asbestos

Once asbestos fibers are inhaled, they become lodged in the lung tissue, where they remain indefinitely. Mesothelioma is associated with hard, crystalline amphibole asbestos, which consists of hard, needle-like fibers that literally bore through lung tissue over time, causing chronic inflammation that ultimately results in malignancy. The disease has a very long latency period, which can be anywhere from five to seventy-five years. The symptoms of the disease are also similar to other respiratory illnesses, which is why mesothelioma has historically been so difficult to diagnose.

.

Mesothelioma Cell Types

2009-09-07T07:18:00.001-07:00

Malignant mesothelioma can also be classified by different cancer cell types, each of which tends to behave differently. There are three classifications assigned to mesothelioma cell types.

Epithelial Mesothelioma is the most common cell type and accounts for approximately 50-75% percent of all diagnosed cases each year. These cells are uniform in shape, with an elongated pattern that makes them easily distinguishable when viewed under high magnification. These cancers are adenocarcinomas, malignancies which are more commonly associated with pure lung cancers as opposed to cancers of the mesothelium.

Learn more about:

Sarcomatoid mesothelioma is a less common cell type, accounting for between 7 and 20% of diagnosed cases each year. These cells grow forth out of supportive structures, such as muscles and bones.

Biphasic mesotheliomas are those with a mix of epithelial and sarcomatoid cell types. Treatment options do not vary greatly between cell types, but often sarcomatoid mesotheliomas are more difficult to treat as a result of the surrounding affected tissues from which they spread.

Thoracoscopy and the use of special stains can be helpful in identifying cellular classifications, though obtaining adequate tissue samples often require more invasive surgeries.

Risk of Asbestos

2009-09-07T07:15:00.001-07:00

The research we do for our client's cases results in a large amount of pertinent and up to date information on asbestos, the asbestos industry, asbestos cancers and treatment options. We have compiled that information here in an on-line information library. We hope that by providing this information, we create a valuable resource, which will benefit people who have access to it. This section will be updated regularly as we uncover new and important information.

There are a number of alternatives to using asbestos products when constructing a new home or commercial building, and many of these are considered to be "green" options, as they are good for the environment and are also easy on a budget. It is important to educate yourself as to how each alternative works before choosing which product to use. Our section on asbestos alternatives provides information about several popular and cost-effective options, all of which are safe, affordable, and environmentally friendly.
Jobsites

If you or a relative has ever worked at one of the Jobsites listed, you may have been exposed to high levels of asbestos and could be at risk to develop asbestos cancer including malignant mesothelioma.
Who is at Risk?

Virtually anyone who breathed asbestos dust. Exposures usually occur at major construction Jobsites, in shipyards, onboard navy vessels and during construction or renovation of commercial buildings. People in the vicinity of boilers and piping often are at risk. In addition, teachers, students, and other staff members who work in older school buildings may be at risk of exposure to asbestos products, such as ceiling or floor tiles. Equally at risk are families of these workers, as asbestos often was carried home on clothing.
Asbestos Legislation

Information about the asbestos legislation currently being proposed in the Senate.
Asbestos Removal

There are over 3,000 manufactured products that are known to contain asbestos. The only way to truly remove the threat of asbestos exposure and its dangerous health effects is to remove all asbestos from the premises.
Asbestos Contractors

A nationwide asbestos services directory to provide assistance with locating companies and contractors specializing in asbestos testing, asbestos removal and asbestos consulting.
Companies

Clients of Early, Ludwick and Sweeney have successfully received settlements and awards from a host of asbestos manufacturers and distributors. Listed here is a sampling of these companies. Your employer may be listed here.
Products

You may not realize all of the types and forms of materials that contained asbestos. Many of the products which may be familiar to you appear here and are part of our extensive database.
Unions

We have compiled a comprehensive resource for union workers who developed mesothelioma as a result of on-the-job asbestos exposure. In recent years trade unions have rallied for the rights of workers who were unknowingly exposed to this dangerous material.
Asbestos Related Diseases

Since we represent families throughout the country, we have become familiar with medical doctors who specialize in aggressively treating malignant mesothelioma, lung cancer, asbestosis, and pleural mesothelioma.

We keep up to date on the newest research, diagnosis information and treatment options for these asbestos exposure related diseases.

.

Pleural Mesothelioma

2009-08-28T10:45:00.000-07:00

Pleural mesothelioma is the most common type of mesothelioma, a rare cancer that develops in the mesothelial cells that make up the mesothelium, a membrane that lines many of the body’s organs and cavities. In the case of pleural mesothelioma, the cancer develops in the lining of the lungs, called the pleura or pleural membrane.

The pleura is comprised of two layers which provide support and protection for the lungs and chest cavity. The outer layer, or the parietal layer, lines the entire chest cavity and the diaphragm. The inner layer, or visceral layer, covers the lungs. Pleural mesothelioma typically develops in one layer, but can metastasize, or spread, to the other layer.

Like all mesothelioma cancers, pleural mesothelioma is caused by asbestos exposure and develops when the toxic asbestos fibers become trapped in the spaces between the mesothelial cells.

Asbestos.com offers pleural mesothelioma patients and their loved ones a comprehensive packet including information about various treatment options and top doctors to help those diagnosed understand their condition and applicable treatment options available.

.

Pleural Mesothelioma Treatments

2009-08-26T10:49:00.000-07:00

The on-going development of new drugs and detection techniques is improving the outlook for patients with pleural mesothelioma. Since pleural mesothelioma is the most common form of the cancer, more research and knowledge about this type of mesothelioma is present to utilize when detailing a treatment plan.

In general, pleural mesothelioma patients have three options: surgery, chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Typically, patients will receive a combination of two or more of these types of treatment.

Understanding available treatment options is often very important to patients and their loved ones. We offer a complimentary informational packet detailing treatment options for pleural mesothelioma patients.

Early detection of pleural mesothelioma can improve a patient's mesothelioma prognosis considerably, and these patients have more extensive treatment options. If the disease is diagnosed early enough, surgery to remove localized tumors, followed by chemotherapy or radiation therapy to kill any remaining cancer cells can be an effective treatment. Curative surgery candidates must be in a good general state of health, and their cancer must not have spread beyond localized sections of the lungs.

When mesothelioma is diagnosed before the cancer has greatly progressed, a patient is typically in the first stages of mesothelioma. Doctors typically address the seriousness of cancer in terms of stages ranging from one to four, with the level of the cancer’s progression increasing with each stage. Patients diagnosed with pleural mesothelioma in stage one or two generally have greater treatment options and a better prognosis.

According to some current studies, approximately 10 percent of all pleural mesothelioma patients will survive for three to five years following diagnosis, and about 5 percent will survive five years or more.

Pleural mesothelioma patients who are not diagnosed early enough for curative treatment have fewer treatment options, mostly limited to palliative treatments, designed to relieve pain and discomfort to improve a patient's quality of life, rather than their prognosis. Palliative treatments include removal of built-up fluid from the pleural spaces, and surgical removal of tumors to relieve pressure on the lungs.

.

Pleural Mesothelioma Diagnosis

2009-08-26T01:48:00.000-07:00

As with other types of mesothelioma, pleural mesothelioma is difficult to diagnose since symptoms do not typically arise for some time after initial asbestos exposure occurs. Additionally, since the symptoms of pleural mesothelioma are typical of many illnesses, in the early stages of the cancer the symptoms are often mistaken for less threatening diseases such as influenza and pneumonia.

A pleural mesothelioma diagnosis is made partly on the basis of symptoms but additional diagnostic tests are needed to confirm the presence of cancer. Following a medical history review and physical examination, patients must typically undergo imaging tests, such as x-rays or CT scans, to confirm the location of cancer. A patient must also usually endure fluid and tissue tests, also known as biopsies, to confirm the type of cancer involved.

.

First Symptoms of Lung Cancer

2009-08-26T01:11:00.000-07:00

Lung cancer is a problem that affects many people today and it definitely is a top killer when it comes to cancers today. While many people actually don't experience symptoms at first, there are some first symptoms of lung cancer to watch out for, even though they often do not appear until in the late stages of lung cancer. So, if you happen to see any of the symptoms that could be linked to cancer of the lungs, you need to see your doctor as soon as possible. So, here are some of the first symptoms of lung cancer that you may experience.

Chest Pain that is ConstantOne of the first symptoms of lung cancer that you may notice is chest pain that is constant. While some chest pain may be associated with other problems, usually it is not a constant problem. When you start having pain that is always there in your chest, it is definitely time that you get things checked out.

Weight LossWeight loss that is unexplained, especially when combined with other symptoms. Many times people who are dealing with this type of cancer end up having no appetite at all, which leads to weight loss. While weight loss may not always be a sign that you are dealing with lung cancer, it is definitely a sign that you should be checked out by your doctor.

Chronic CoughingChronic coughing is another of the first symptoms of lung cancer. Coughing can be a sign of pneumonia, bronchitis, and other problems, but if you have a cough that is hanging on and that is constantly getting worse, you may be dealing with lung cancer, so you owe it to yourself to get it checked out as soon as possible.

Feeling Short of BreathShortness of breath is yet another of the symptoms of lung cancer that you may end up experiencing. While shortness of breath can be linked to a variety of other problems today, when it is combined with some of the other symptoms, it can definitely be an indicator that you are dealing with lung cancer.

Constant FatigueAlong with all these other symptoms, one of the first symptoms of lung cancer can be constant fatigue. If you're feeling tired all the time along with losing weight, coughing all the time, dealing with chest pain, and you are feeling short of breath, make sure you see your doctor and let him know about the symptoms that you are dealing with.

.

Having Surgery For Lung Cancer

2009-08-25T10:13:00.000-07:00

For some lung cancers in the early stages, an option that offers the best opening for an absolute recovery is surgery. Medical literature has shown this to be veritable when a serene is diagnosed with non-small cabal pest and the detection is made in the early stages and the swelling is small and no support represent that it has broadened to any other organ systems, if surgery is worn to eradicate the lump, the patient has up to an 80% opening of quick the five year survival celebrate.

Surgery is recommended for some but not others why? Surgical conduct is normally recommended for non-small group cancers, especially in the early stages. Surgery MAY be recommended for small cabal IF it's diagnosed in the initial stages. The argue for this is because most small chamber is seldom diagnosed before it's already begun to multiply to other parts of the body.

On the other hand, non-small booth does not division as express or as virulently. Non-small cell tends to identify into one blackhead, hence, there is a superior ability that surgery can delete all the scourge in one surgery.

Depending on where the growth is located is how the verdict is bent as to about whether surgery is appropriate. If it is located too close to the feeling, the windpipe, major blood vessels or other major organs, the risks and dangers are much better if surgery is attempted. In these luggage your physician may mention radiation or chemotherapy to telescope and murder the cancerous cells.

The different kinds of surgery for behavior. Depending on the scene and bulk of the cancer found, there are three main types of surgery that are worn.

If it has been found in it's early stage and is confined to a very small portion of the lung, an oncologist may make a 'lung resection' or a 'segmentectomy'. During each of those surgeries the surgeon removes a small partition of one lung, the part where the cancerous cells have been detected. If it's determined that it may have invaded the adjacent cells though, the doctor will then use more radical surgeries.

The exclusion of one or more lobes of the lung, but not the undivided organ, is called a 'lobectomy'. If the thoracic surgeon believes that only part of it is precious and that it has not apply to the whole organ, the surgeon will opt for a lobectomy.

However, if it is alleged the whole lung may be occupied, he may then take to do a pneumonectomy. A 'pneumonectomy' is the deduction of the entire lung. Before this surgery, the doctor will work tests to be definite that the enduring lung will be competent of supporting your wishes for oxygen before burden a complete pneumonectomy.

Surgery is a very insidious care and is not the behavior of choice for most cancers. Doctors will only work surgery if there is a hazard that it will detach it in its entirety. If it has superior afar a small portion, or it's speedily dispersal, then surgery to eliminate it does not make any brains. In these instances, radiology, chemotherapy or some other font of conduct would be a more reasonable alternative.

.

Know About Deadly Disease - Lung Cancer

2009-08-25T10:09:00.000-07:00

Lung cancer is mostly treated by surgery but it is possible only sometimes, which is operable at the time of diagnosis. This treatment includes the removal of a cancerous tumor or entire lobe of the lung. In this type of cancer there is a possibility of reappearance of cancer after surgery. In order to avoid reappearance, chemotherapy is a very successful treatment nowadays.

Chemotherapy is the treatment that uses drugs to kill or stop the growth of cancer cells. It also reduces the pain and other problems caused due to lung cancer. Chemotherapy drugs are given via injecting in vein through catheter and thin tube or as pill and thus chemo drugs reach in all parts of the body. Chemotherapy treatment depends on the type of cancer, stage of cancer and current health of the patient.

The growth, even though it might begin in the lungs, can move to other organs within the body. This is known as metastasis. Metastasis is the invasion of adjacent tissue and infiltration. Lung cancer is the most common cause of cancer related death in men and the second most in women. It is responsible for 1.3 million deaths worldwide annually. How do you know if you should be tested for lung cancer Some symptoms include shortness of breath, coughing up blood, and massive amounts of weight loss.

Most lung cancer patients are treated with chemotherapy but some are able to be treated through surgical procedures. There are two types of lung cancer. They are small cell lung carcinoma and non-small cell carcinoma. The latter is treated with surgery.

In 2005 according to the American Cancer Society and the CDC (Center for Disease Control and Prevention) approximately 555,312 people died of lung cancer in the USA which accounted for about 22.8% of all deaths in the US.
The American Cancer Society and the CDC estimates that in 2008 over 215,020 new cases of lung cancer will exist. Within these stats around 114,000 men and 100,000 women will be involved. Lung cancer is the second biggest killer among people. And in 2008 out of 745,180 men tested, 15% have lung cancer and out of 692,000 women tested, 14% lung have some form of cancer. The top killer for men is prostate and the top for women is breast cancer.

Nicotine is highly addictive, smoke containing nicotine is inhaled into the lungs, and the nicotine reaches your brain just six seconds. Nicotine in small doses ask as the stimulant to the brain. In larger doses of lethal poison affecting the heart, blood, and hormones. One of the reasons people smoke is to calm their nerves.

New research indicates that higher intakes of vitamin E in the forms of alpha, beta and gamma-tocopherol may be associated with a reduced risk of lung cancer. In this study population, Vitamin E as alpha-tocopherol reduced the risk of lung cancer by as much as 61 percent.

Small cell lung cancer is detected with the help of an X-ray machine in addition to physical examinations, sputum tests and laboratory tests. A medical professional will also use a bronchoscope to get a detailed look inside the lungs. Despite huge medical advances in the treatment of cancer, there is yet no cure found for this type of cancer.

The detection of non-small lung cancer employs much the same methods as those of small. In addition it also uses Positron Emission Topography (PET) and CAT scans to locate the exact positions of the tumors. Some of the more common symptoms of non-small lung caner include breathing difficulties, persistent coughing, presence of blood in the sputum, chest pains, loss of appetite and an overall run-down feeling.

.

5 Things You Can Do to Prevent Lung Cancer.

2009-08-25T10:07:00.000-07:00

Lung cancer is a form that is quite difficult to treat. Simply put lung cancer is the cancer affecting the lung tissues making it difficult for exchange of gases in the respiratory system. It is very elusive and hence difficult to diagnose. The symptoms are not out of the ordinary and hence can mislead the physician.

The patients suffer a lot and treatment is limited and localized. Prevention is the best form of cure as far as cancer is concerned since all forms of cancer are torturous to the mind and body of the individual. Prevention is easier where lung cancer is concerned. Avoiding risk causing substances, the chances of developing it can be reduced or its occurrence can be prolonged.

Things That Can Be Done To Prevent Lung Cancer Are:

Quit Smoking:

The first and the foremost factor is, of course, smoking. This is the main cause of lung cancer. An estimated 87% deaths occur due to lung cancer caused by smoking. Make your body tobacco free. This is the best defense possible against lung cancer. Kicking the habit might be difficult but certainly would be better than suffering from cancer of the lung. Another aspect of smoking is the effect it has on people exposed to the smoke.

Secondhand smoke or the smoke emanating from cigarettes, cigars and pipes is carcinogenic. This smoke is known to contain more than sixty carcinogens or agents that can trigger the process of cancer development. These carcinogens cause changes in cell division and development. The abnormal divisions give rise to excess number of cells which do not have regulatory processes governing them and hence causes malfunctions leading to malignancies.

Eat fruits and vegetables:

Nature itself has provided us with the chemicals required to fight cancer. Antioxidants and flavanoids are substances that aid in repairing damaged cells and helps in protecting the nuclear material or the DNA. These substances are available in abundance in fruits and vegetables. Consuming five portions of fruits and vegetables in a day will go far in keeping cancer at bay. People who are physically active and fit have lesser chances of being succumbed by cancer. Maintaining a healthy weight would be beneficial.

Avoid Exposure to radon:

Radon is a substance that is highly carcinogenic. Exposure to radon and such other radioactive gases can cause lung cancer. Radon is a byproduct of uranium degradation. This is an odorless, colorless, tasteless gas which cannot be detected easily. Homes built over natural deposits of uranium can have radon in them and exposure to this is dangerous. Homes should be checked and test for the presence of this deadly carcinogen.

Avoid Exposure to pollutants in workplace:

Pollutants like gasoline, arsenic, beryllium, vinyl chloride, nickel chromates, mustard gas, coal products, chloro methyl ethers, diesel exhaust are carcinogens or agents causing cancer. Workplace can expose you to these agents and it should be reduced or limited in concordance with the employer.

Chemoprevention:

Many cancer specific natural drugs can some times reverse the process of cancer. These drugs can be taken to prevent cancer from occurring in patients with history of the condition. The area dealing with chemoprevention is under active clinical research.

Dr. James S. Pendergraft

.

Pleural Mesothelioma Symptoms

2009-08-23T10:46:00.000-07:00

Once trapped in the body, asbestos fibers cause cancerous cells to divide abnormally, resulting in the thickening of the pleural membrane layers and mesothelial cells, causing build-up of fluid (called pleural effusion). The fluid begins to put pressure on the lungs and the respiratory system in general, preventing normal breathing. Symptoms of pleural mesothelioma are largely caused by these developments and may include the following:

Persistent dry or raspy cough
Coughing up blood (hemoptysis)
Difficulty in swallowing (dysphagia)
Shortness of breath that occurs even when at rest (dyspnea)
Persistent pain in the chest or rib area, or painful breathing
Development of lumps under the skin on the chest
Night sweats or fever
Unexplained weight loss
Fatigue

Asbestos Exposure & Mesothelioma - What is Asbestos, History, Usage, Health Hazards & Risks, Asbestos Related Diseases

2009-08-22T11:02:00.000-07:00

Asbestos by definition is the name of several minerals that naturally occur in the environment as bundles of fibers and are separated into thin durable threads. Asbestos fibers are resistant to chemicals, fire & heat and cannot conduct electricity. This is why they are used in many different industries. Asbestos is divided into 2 subgroups; 1) chrysotile belongs to the serpentine minerals group and has curly fibers and 2) amphibole straight, needle-like fibers. More on these subgroups of asbestos is discussed below. Asbestos fibers are known to be a threat to humans and their lungs because once asbestos fibers are inhaled into the lungs, they form solid malignant tumors that can lead to peritoneal, pleural or pericardial mesothelioma. Other diseases that could develop as a result of exposure to asbestos include pleural disorders such as asbestosis, pleural thickening, pleural plaques, and pleural effusions. Scientists discovered this fact after conducting many studies on patients that had cumulative asbestos exposures of 5 to 1,200 fiber-year/mL. This metric is common on patients who have had 40 years of occupational asbestos exposure, with air concentrations of 0.125 to 30 fiber/mL. Cancerous diseases from asbestos exposure take many years to develop, as many as 15 years after initial exposure. Smokers who have had occupational asbestos exposure are at even increased risks of developing lung cancer. The average time from initial asbestos exposure to development of mesothelioma lung cancer is 30 years. Family members of workers who have worked around asbestos in their occupations are also at risk of developing lung cancer because the husbands carried asbestos fibers on their clothes while their wives washed them.

History of Asbestos Use

Beginning the late 1800s, asbestos was mined and used in many different industries all over North America, especially before the World War II. Examples of industry use include:

- Automotive industry uses asbestos in vehicle brakeshoes and clutch pads.
- Building & construction industry uses asbestos for strengthening cement as well as sound absorption, roofing, insulation and fireproofing.
- Shipbuilding industry uses asbestos to insulate hot water pipes, boilers and steampipes.
- Asbestos is also used in many different industrial products such as plastics, ceiling & floor tiles, adhesives, talc-containing crayons, etc.

The image on the right is of a ship dismantling site in Alang, India. This is a site where ships that are over hundred years old and rusting are destroyed and dismantled. Since these workers dismantle ships by hand, they are at increased risk of asbestos exposure. Infact, it is estimated that 1 out of 6 workers on this worksite are suffering from Asbestosis or other asbestos related diseases.

Asbestos was banned from use near gas fireplaces and wallboard patching compounds by the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) in the early 1980s. In 1989, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) banned all new uses of Asbestos and required all schools to inspect their building compounds for presence of asbestos fibers and ordered immediate asbestos abatement. In August 2000, the EPA ordered an investigation inquiry into the use of vermiculite asbestos in gardening products. The study concluded that vermiculite asbestos posed minimal health risks and the EPA advised gardening consumers to minimize emission of dust whilst gardening. The EPA also suggested consumers use vermiculite in well ventilated areas only and keep it damp. It was also suggested to use premixed potting soil which is less likely to emit dust. In June 2000, the EPA determined that asbestos fibers that reside in crayons & pencils did not pose a health risk to children using them, although crayon manufacturers agreed to eliminate the use of talc in their products. According to Cancer.Gov, the use of asbestos in the US has decline from 803,000 metric tons in 1973 to only 2,400 metric tons in 2005.

Health Hazards & Risks of Asbestos Exposure

Most mesothelioma lung cancer patients have been exposed to asbestos whilst at work, whether they are at metal works, construction sites, shipyards, automotive or plastics industries. If products containing asbestos are disturbed, tiny asbestos fibers are released into the air. If these fibers are inhaled by humans, they get trapped in the lungs and can work their way into the pleura thus causing pleural mesothelioma, or into the pericardial cavity causing pericardial mesothelioma or into the abdomen (linings of the lungs) causing peritoneal mesothelioma. These fibers can accumulate in the lungs over a long period of time and cause serious inflammation leading to shortness of breath & excessive cough (which are the first symptoms of mesothelioma lung cancer). Asbestos has officially been classified as a human carcinogen (a substance that causes lung cancer) by the EPA and the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Asbestos exposure can also cause Asbestosis which is a chronic lung disease that results in symptoms such as excessive cough, shortness of breath & permanent lung damages.

The risks for asbestos exposure are not high for everyday people who are exposed to the air, water and the soil of the earth. It is occupational asbestos workers that come into contact with asbestos products on a daily basis that are at high risk of inhaling asbestos fibers. Starting from the 1940s (before World War II) and onwards, millions of American workers have been exposed to Asbestos on the job. These types of jobs include firefighters, automobile workers, drywall removers, demolition workers, insulation workers in the construction & building industry, as well as mining & shipbuilding workers. Other workers involved in the cleanup of the September 11th, 2001 terrorist attacks on the World Trade Center (WTC) in New York City are also at risk. How were asbestos fibers released into the air during the attacks? Asbestos was used in the construction of the North Tower of the World Trade Center and when this building was blown up, hundreds of tons of asbestos fibers were released into the air. On the job workers who are at most risk include firefighters, paramedics, construction workers & volunteers, police officers & investigators. 70% of workers who helped in the rescue and clean up efforts of the September 11th, 2001 attacks suffered worse respiratory systems and 28% had abnormal lung function tests.

Factors that Affect Risk of Developing Asbestos Related Diseases

There are several factors that determine the risk of asbestos workers developing asbestos related diseases. They include:

i) Dose (amount of asbestos the worker was exposed to).
ii) Duration (how long the worker was exposed to asbestos)
iii) Chemical properties, size & shape of asbestos fibers
iv) Source of exposure, e.g the blowup of the North tower of the World Trade Center that released hundreds of tons of asbestos fibers into the air
v) Other risk factors including smoking and prior lung diseases

Symptoms of Asbestos Related Diseases

So how do patients know they have developed an asbestos related disease such as mesothelioma lung cancer? By the symptoms, here they are:

- Fatigue or anemia
- Loss of appetite
- Weight loss
- Difficulty swallowing
- Swelling of the face or neck
- Blood coughed up from the lungs
- Excessive cough
- Hoarseness or shortness of breath

How Does Asbestos Cause Pleural Mesothelioma?

2009-08-22T10:52:00.000-07:00

n cases of pleural mesothelioma, asbestos exposure occurs via inhalation of asbestos fibers. Once these fibers have entered the lungs, they work their way to the pleural membrane, and the body experiences great difficulty in expelling the fibers. Over a long period of time - typically two decades or more - asbestos fibers cause changes in these pleural cells, which may cause scarring of the lungs and, eventually, the formation of tumors.

When pleural cells become cancerous, they are no longer regulated by the mechanisms that control division of normal healthy cells. They begin to divide continuously, and this causes thickening of pleural membranes. As a result, lung capacity is reduced, and fluid begins to build up between pleural layers.

Leukemia - Cause

2009-08-22T10:36:00.000-07:00

Experts do not yet know what causes leukemia.

A risk factor is anything that raises your chance of getting a disease. Risk factors for some types of leukemia include:

Smoking and tobacco use.
Being exposed to large amounts of radiation.
Being exposed to certain chemicals in the workplace.
Past chemotherapy or radiation for another cancer. (This is rare, and not all chemotherapies raise your leukemia risk.)

Most people who get leukemia do not have any risk factors.

Most types of leukemia do not seem to run in families. But in some cases chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) does.¹ There are also certain genetic conditions, like Down syndrome, that can make acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) more likely.

Functional Ovarian Cysts

2009-08-22T10:21:00.000-07:00

What is a functional ovarian cyst?

A functional ovarian cyst is a sac that forms on the surface of a woman’s ovary during ovulation. It holds a maturing egg. Usually the sac goes away after the egg is released. If an egg is not released, or if the sac closes up after the egg is released, the sac can swell up with fluid.

Functional ovarian cysts are different than ovarian growths caused by other problems, such as cancer. Most of these cysts are harmless. They do not cause symptoms, and they go away without treatment. But if a cyst becomes large, it can twist, rupture, or bleed and can be very painful.

What causes functional ovarian cysts?

A functional ovarian cyst forms because of slight changes in the way the ovary makes or releases an egg. There are two types of these cysts:

A follicular cyst occurs when a sac on the ovary does not release an egg, and the sac swells up with fluid.
A luteal cyst occurs when the sac releases an egg and then reseals and fills with fluid.

What are the symptoms?

Most functional ovarian cysts do not cause symptoms. The larger the cyst is, the more likely it is to cause symptoms. Symptoms can include:

Pain or aching in your lower belly, usually when you are in the middle of your menstrual cycle.
A delay in the start of your menstrual period.
Vaginal bleeding when you are not having your period.

Some functional ovarian cysts can twist or break open (rupture) and bleed. Symptoms include:

Sudden, severe pain, often with nausea and vomiting (possible sign of a twisted cyst).
Pain during or after sex (possible sign of a ruptured cyst).

If you have these symptoms, call your doctor right away. Some ruptured cysts bleed enough that treatment is needed to prevent heavy blood loss.

How are functional ovarian cysts diagnosed?

Your doctor may find an ovarian cyst during a routine pelvic exam. He or she may then use a pelvic ultrasound to make sure that the cyst is filled with fluid. In a few months, after you have been through 2 or 3 menstrual cycles, your doctor will recheck you. The cyst is likely to go away on its own during this time.

If you see your doctor for pelvic pain or bleeding, you'll be checked for problems that may be causing your symptoms. Your doctor will ask you about your symptoms and menstrual periods. He or she will do a pelvic exam and may do a pelvic ultrasound.

How are they treated?

Most functional ovarian cysts go away without treatment. Your doctor may suggest using heat and medicine to relieve minor pain.

If a large cyst bleeds or causes severe pain, you can have surgery to remove it.

Your doctor may suggest that you take birth control pills, which stop ovulation. This may prevent new cysts from forming.

From:women.webmd.com

Lung Cancer Warning Signs

2009-08-17T02:08:00.000-07:00

Early Detection Of Lung Cancer Can Save Your Life
Early detection of lung cancer warning signs - or any other types of illnesses - is crucial in helping to find a cure for the disease. Indeed, the earlier one is able to find out about the disease, the better chances they have for combating the illness.

Lung cancer warning signs are similar to recognizing the symptoms of the disease. Hence, having enough knowledge of other conditions associated with this illness would be helpful.

Below is a list of lung cancer warning signs you should be keeping a close eye on:

• Persistent Coughing
• Presence of blood or mucus when coughing
• Loss of appetite resulting to weight loss
• Feeling of shortness of breath
• Pneumonia, bronchitis, or other respiratory-related illness
• Constant pain in the chest, back, or neck
• Uncharacteristic fever

You need to pay close attention to any changes in your body though, since most of the symptoms are not evident until they have reached the advanced stage.

Once you have determined these symptoms, there are essential steps and further information you need to know.

Spread of Lung Cancer

Lung cancer is caused by the presence of cancer cells. These abnormal cells continue to divide on their own without following a particular order or pattern. Because of this nature in the cells, they have the potential to destroy the neighboring tissues of the body.

In fact, they can also develop into a malignant tumor which can invade your bloodstream and cripple the lymphatic system. The process known as metastasizing is responsible for the spread of cancer cells such that the initial cancer tumor can cause the growth of new tumors in various parts of the body.

In terms of determining the rate at which these cancer cells spread, it largely depends on the type of cells. But on average, tumor growth can happen in a span of a few months.

When To Consult A Doctor

As soon as you notice any of the symptoms listed above, it is best to meet with your doctor immediately.

This will allow them to make diagnosis or assess your condition. Furthermore, the earlier you act on any lung cancer warning signs or symptoms, the more capable you are at preventing it from getting worse.

Immediate consultation with your doctor will enable them to further investigate the reason for such symptoms to exclude other health conditions.

Below is a list of what is recognized as late-stage lung cancer symptoms. One needs to work together with their physician to avoid reaching this stage:

• Inexplainable feeling of fatigue
• Reduced appetite
• Aches in your joints,bones, or constant headaches
• Bone fractures that are not brought about by injury
• Swelling on your face or neck
• Abnormalities in your neurologic conditions

Tests for Lung Cancer

Once you have seen with your doctor, the following tests are conducted to diagnose you:

1) Chest x-ray: This is mostly done for patients with complaints on excessive coughing and shortness of breath.
2) CAT Scan: This method of scanning in such areas as chest, head, abdomen, or pelvis helps assess the size of a tumor or evaluate how farther it has spread.

3) Bronchoscopy: In this method, your physician creates a direct visualization of your airways after numbing medications or sedations are administered.

4) PET Scan: This tool is used for assessing the tumor, which also utilize a chemical known as radionuclide. As soon as your first lung cancer warning signs become evident, it is best to undergo this test to help prevent the rapid growth of tumors.

.

Overcoming Ovarian Cyst Pain

2009-08-15T21:42:00.000-07:00

It is not uncommon for women who have ovarian cysts to suffer from ovarian cyst pain. Studies show that, at some point in their lives, close to 80% of women will have an ovarian cyst. The cyst is a fluid-filled pouch that takes shape within or on the ovaries throughout a regular menstrual cycle. This is the harsh reality. On the positive end of things, cysts are mostly benign (85% of them) and will dissipate on their own in at most two menstrual cycles. Benign ovarian cysts are known as functional cysts, and usually don't require any medical treatment. While there are really no major symptoms associated with functional cysts they can cause nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain.

There are a few different kinds of functional cysts. When a the sac carrying the female's egg fails to open, it can continue to grow into what is referred to as a follicular cyst. Corpus luteum cysts develop if the sac for some reason does not dissipate immediately--after the egg releases the sac becomes sealed and fluid starts to build up within it. This type of cyst usually dissolves on its own after a few weeks and does not cause any pain or discomfort. In rare case, however, the cyst can continue to grow up to four inches in diameter; this can cause extreme pain by twisting the ovary, or it can even bleed out. Drugs that induce ovulation can cause cysts to form. Functional cysts are not cancerous and only occasionally cause the woman to experience pain.

This does not mean that all cysts are as mild as the ones described above. Women who are diagnosed with endometriosis can develop endometrioma cysts. This is a condition which occurs when the tissue that coats the uterus grows inside of it. This tissue can form cysts when it becomes attached to the ovary. In addition to causing severe lower back pain and abdomnial, menstruation and sexual intercourse are very painful for women suffering from endometrioma cysts.

When cells located outside the ovary surface develop into cysts, this is known as cystadenoma. They are loaded with a tacky gelatin that feels thick and liquidy. These cysts turn out to be incredibly huge, and might be what causes a great deal of pain in the female organs. Dermoid cysts are very different from the cysts we have so far described because they can grow other tissue, hair and teeth. The ovarian cyst pain associated with dermoid cysts can be harrowing as these cysts can also grow to massive proportions.

If these cysts are present in the ovary then it can cause a great deal of pain. The most common severe pain in the abdomen or the pelvis that often extends to the buttocks, thighs and the lower back, pressure and fullness on the abdomen, problems when trying to pass urine, painful sexual intercourse, extreme pain just before your menstrual period begins and just before it ends, abnormal bleeding and vomiting.

It is also crucial to take note on the fact that not all ovarian cysts are malignant. They can be easily removed with open surgery, or the less invasive option, laparoscopy surgery. You should seek immediate medical attention if you experience extreme ovarian cyst pain.

.

What to Look For "Lung Cancer"

2009-08-15T02:33:00.000-07:00

Lung cancer symptoms are very elusive and misleading. Mostly the condition is diagnosed only after having reached advanced stages. As of now there is no screening procedure for lung cancer. Symptoms are almost non existent where lung cancer is concerned.

There might be a mild cough or shortness of breath that can also be attributed to some respiratory infections. This is the main reason as to why most of the lung cancer cases go undiagnosed in the early stages. Only a meagre 16% of the cases are diagnosed early enough to facilitate treatment and cure.

Some of the symptoms that we can investigate are as follows:

1-A new persistent cough that refuses to go away. Smokers usually have cough but if they have cancer the severity of the cough would be different.

2-Chest pain is another indication that usually goes unnoticed. The pain can deepen with difficulty in breathing accompanied with cough or laugh.

3-The throat is hoarse and when accompanied with wheezing can indicate inflammation of the lungs which could be cancer.

4-There is gradual loss of weight due to loss of appetite.

5-Hemoptysis or coughing up blood is a sure indication of cancer. The coughed up phlegm would be rust colored showing the presence of blood.

6-The patient can suffer from shortness of breath due to blockage of air caused by pleural effusion or fluid collection around the lungs or spread of tumor in the lungs.

7-Repeated respiratory illnesses like bronchitis and pneumonia are a cause for concern. This could be indicative of lung cancer.

The cancer metastasizes or spreads to other organs in the body; if it goes undetected in the first or early stages. Lung cancer usually is found to spread to the bones, the brain, liver, pericardium or the lining of the heart, adrenal glands and also from one lung to another. The spread of the cancer brings with it the onset of more symptoms like

1-Bone pain if the cancer has spread to the bones. The pain is felt in the back bone or vertebrae, the thigh bones and the bones making up the ribs.

2-Headaches, weakness of vision, numbness of appendages, dizziness and seizures if the spread of the cancer is to the brain.

3-Jaundice is caused when the liver is affected by the liver. This is usually not detected and is discovered much later. Initial symptoms of the cancer spreading to liver are nonexistent.

4-If the spread of cancer affects the lymph nodes then lumps appear on the surface of the body usually in the neck or above the collar bone.

Clubbed fingers, anemia, fatigue, weight loss, muscle weakness, skin rashes, low sodium content, degeneration of brain etc are all symptoms that have been found to exist in all types of cancer including lung cancer. Incidental chest x rays performed for other infections help in the identification of the condition since there are no specific symptoms that point towards cancer of the lung.

From : Dr. James S. Pendergraft

.

Prostate Massage Can Ease Prostate Symptoms

2009-08-14T21:04:00.000-07:00

Prostate massage can ease prostate symptoms, improve the circulation of blood in the prostate, help cleanse the gland, promote bladder health, and rejuvenate sexual capabilities. It can be done as often as necessary and once prostate symptoms have gone away, once or twice a month is enough to keep the prostate healthy.

After the initial squeamish sensations of having the male prostate gland stimulated are overcome, a man can begin to enjoy the pleasurable effects and in many cases may experience highly pleasurable orgasms. As with all forms of foreplay, there should be prior buildup of intimacy between the partners and this form of pleasure cannot be rushed.

Prostate Stimulation

Prostate stimulation, also known as prostate massage, is term used to describe stimulation of male's G-spot. When done properly, self prostate stimulation can help a man to achieve explosive and mind altering multiple orgasms. While there are no shortage of advice on female's orgasm and G-spot, it is time to talk about enhancing your sexual pleasure.

Prostate stimulation is when the prostate gland is massaged and a man has an ejaculation of semen without his penis being manipulated. This can be done by yourself or with a partner. You can find out how you can start finding sensual pleasure without your penis ever being touched simply by learning how to utilize prostate stimulation.

Prostate exercising at least once a week allows you flush the system with oxygenated blood and allows peak sperm production, maintains prostrate health and generally maintains optimum performance.

Aside from the potential health benefits, prostate stimulation can for many men, lead to a prostate orgasm. A prostate orgasm is much different than a typical male orgasm in the fact that they usually are much more intense and last longer than a typical male orgasm.

Prostate Orgasm

A Prostate massage also known as self prostate milking is one of the most pleasurable activity a man can experience in his lifetime. It is not only pleasurable, but it helps maintain a healthy Prostate.

A prostate massager is specifically designed to stimulate the prostate and is very beneficial for men who dislike using their finger for the prostate massage or prostate milking or can't reach their prostate.

Prostate orgasms are much more intense and last much longer than regular penile orgasms. Also, since you don't ejaculate during prostate orgasms, your refractory period (time between erections/sex) is no longer an issue. Again, no ejaculation, no prolactin. Therefore no end to sex!

While beneficial for some individuals, prostate milking it is NOT advisable for men with acute prostatitis as a prostate milking may for allow the prostate infection to spread to other parts of the body.

From: Paul Rodgers

.

Is Breast Cancer on the Increase?

2009-08-14T21:01:00.001-07:00

Less than 50 years ago only 1 in every 20 women was diagnosed with it. Now the statistics show that 1 in 7 women are diagnosed with it. What many doctors believe though is that in the past we didn’t have the technology or the knowledge so many cases of breast cancer went undiagnosed.

Some of the facts are very interesting. For example it is believed that women that wear bras are more likely to develop breast cancer than those that don’t. This is because women that wear a bra all the time restrict the movement of the breasts. It is believed it is this limited movement that can allow breast cancer to increase. Since many women work long shifts and even sleep in their bras it can increase the risk for them.

There is other research to indicate women that breast feed and that exercise on a regular basis are less likely to develop breast cancer. This is due to the fact that such activities help to stimulate the mammary glands. The fact that more women are in the workforce today than in the past though has lead to many of them passing up breast feeding for very nutritious formulas. It is also no secret that most women don’t get the level of exercise that they should on a regular basis.

It is definitely believed that the increase of free radicals and chemicals in our environment has lead to an increase in breast cancer. While it can be genetic in nature, for many women there is no family history of breast cancer. They are healthy in all other ways and they do eat right as well as exercise. Therefore the theory is that the fall into a category of individuals that are diagnosed with breast cancer due to that is released into their environment.

It may surprise you to find out that many things around us can be linked to causing breast cancer. They include pesticides and herbicides that are often used to promote the growth of the foods we consume. It is believed that some ingredients in cosmetics, anti aging creams, and even weight loss products can result in breast cancer developing. Since so many women continue to use such products that certainly is believed to be part of the reason why breast cancer is increasing.

While there is still more research that has to be conducted, there certainly are plenty of indicators that show breast cancer is on the increase. It is important to take note of the reasons behind this so that women can strive to reduce their own risks.

.

Mesothelioma Lawsuits Continue To Grow

2009-08-14T20:59:00.000-07:00

Mesothelioma lawsuits continue to grow at an astounding rate. Mesothelioma is a cancer that is caused by exposure to asbestos. Approximately 3000 individuals die from Mesothelioma each year.

Mesothelioma is a deadly form of cancer that has a very low survival rate. When a person develops Mesothelioma from exposure to asbestos they often want to take legal action because they believe they are entitled to compensation for their pain and suffering.

Fighting Mesothelioma is a tough battle and if the cancer was a result of negligence by a company or person then you have the right to sue for damages through the courts.

If you have been diagnosed with Mesothelioma it is important that you at quickly. The best way to pursue a lawsuit is to contact an attorney who specializes in asbestos litigation. This type of attorney will be able to advise you if you have a case and provide you with the expertise you will need to pursue a lawsuit.

Start by putting together a list of Mesothelioma lawyers in your area. You can then begin to contact them by telephone or e-mail. Provide the law firm with the details of your case and find out if they are interested in representing you.

You also need to find out what there fees are. Both for an initial consultation and then to handle the lawsuit. Some attorneys charge an hourly fee while others will work for a percentage of the settlement. It’s always a good idea to short list to about 3 attorneys, then meet with each and decide which one you feel best suits your needs.

This initial consultation is a good time for you and your attorney to get to know each other better. Your attorney will ask you many questions about your potential lawsuit and you should feel free to ask the attorney any questions you may have. It’s also a good time for you to find out how much actual experience the attorney has with Mesothelioma cases.

After you’ve chosen your lawyer it’s time to get busy. Your lawyer will begin to work on your case and will call you in for a meeting when ever necessary. Your lawyer should always be willing to listen to you and he or she should always keep you updated as to the progress of your lawsuit.

If you file a lawsuit expect the process to be quite lengthy and at times quite tough. However it is the only method you have to seek compensation. Because this type of lawsuit is so complex and entails a great deal of scientific and medical data they can take as much as ten years to settle. No matter how long it takes to pursue a lawsuit you should seek compensation.

Settlements vary a great deal with many settlements being in the millions. Mesolthelioma settlements are available to you as the Mesothelioma cancer victim but many lawyers have also been able to secure settlements for the immediate family.

It has only been in the past few years that enough evidence has come to light to show the effects between asbestos exposure and Mesolthelioma cancer. As a result in past years many people died without receiving compensation. If a family member has already passed away as a result of this deadly cancer it may not be too late for you to file a lawsuit. Be sure to speak with an attorney.

Compensation will not return your health, nor extend your life, but compensation can help you live more comfortably, seek the best medical treatments available, and give you the satisfaction of knowing your family will be taken care of after you are gone.

Mesolthelioma is a horrible cancer. Thank goodness we are a little smarter than we were back then and no longer expose workers to asbestos unless they have appropriate safety gear. Mesolthelioma cancer lawsuits will continue to grow as companies that used asbestos and placed their employees in danger continue to be sued for compensation, and rightfully so.

By Aura Mirchandani

.

Treating Mesothelioma Cancer

2009-08-14T20:56:00.000-07:00

To understand the definition of Mesothelioma cancer once needs to understand the type of cells inside the human body know which ones are called Mesothelial cells. Mesothelial cells are cells that form the outer membrane of vital organs such as heart, lungs and abdominal organs. Mesothelioma cancer attacks this outer membrane. Mesothelioma can be divided into three categories each affecting the outer membrane of a different organ, the organs being the heart, lung and abdominal organs.

There are three types of treatments for mesothelioma patients. First one is surgery, the next chemotherapy and the third, radiotherapy. Several alternative medicine options are also available and these can be combined with the treatments and have so far provided very good results.

Surgery has proven to be a very effective treatment option for mesothelioma cancer but before a patient can have surgery performed on him the doctors must examine him or her to determine whether there is in fact a tumor in the body or not. After this examination, the doctors can perform the surgery and remove the damaged parts or in some cases the entire organ depending on how far the cancer had spread.

Chemotherapy is a method to destroy these malignant cells. It involves the patient taking drugs that do just that either directly or through a vein. Chemotherapy can be performed after a surgery to help remove any remaining cancer cells and if it used this way chemotherapy is referred to as a 'secondary treatment'.

Radiotherapy uses rays that can effectively kill the cancer cells and it can be used as an assistant treatment after surgery to kill off any remaining cancer cells.

No matter what type of cancer diagnosis, whether it is mesothelioma or another type of cancer, anyone can deal with the stress of the disease and its treatments better with a healthy, balanced diet. Your physical strength and stamina can be increased when you maintain a healthy weight, as well, which can help you to deal with any difficult situations relating to the mesothelioma.
When you stick to a healthy, nutritious diet plan, you are doing your body a big favor. Following such a plan, you can enhance your strength and assist your body in its fight against infection. A well-balanced diet has also been shown to help the body to rebuild tissues that have been damaged.

Determining a healthy diet is simple - just look to the United States Department of Agriculture for advice. They have determined that a healthy, well-balanced diet incorporates all levels found on the food pyramid. Whole grains, fruits, vegetables, dairy products, meat and beans are all foods to be enjoyed in varying amounts, while sweets and oils should be used in moderation (if at all). Exercise is an integral part of their healthy diet plan! They recommend at least 30 minutes of it each and every day.

When a patient has mesothelioma or another form of cancer, the focus of a healthy lifestyle is more important than for healthy individuals. Nutritional and exercise considerations are crucial to cancer patients, and some studies done by medical professionals have focused on this fact. These studies have shown how cancer can change a patient´s eating habits, while it also shows how eating habits can increase a person´s likelihood of developing various types of cancer.

Although it is known that a healthy, balanced diet is beneficial, it can be disrupted by cancer treatments. Side effects like nausea, vomiting and loss of appetite can hamper a patient´s ability to stick to a proper eating plan. When this occurs, a doctor can recommend and prescribe medications to help with the alleviation of the side effects. The physician or a dietician can be extremely useful during this period by providing meal planning and preparation suggestions.

Unfortunately, there is no nutritional cure for mesothelioma and other forms of cancer. It is a comfort to know that dietary changes may help with the stress and side effects that go along with the cancer treatments, though.

.

How to Stay Away From Cancer With a Strong Immune System.

2009-08-13T07:55:00.000-07:00

A strong immune system would keep all kinds of illnesses away. The system is capable of keeping even cancer away. The human immune system has the ability to suppress or stop the growth of cancerous cells. This could explain the dormancy state of many tumors. The human body's first line of defense aids in getting it rid of bacteria, viruses and fungi. A good and strong immune system would help the cancer patients by keeping them away from infections during treatment.

The cancer suppressing state achieved by a strong immune system is known as equilibrium. During this state the cancer cells loose their ability to grow, some cells are killed. Though this effect is not enough to eliminate the cancer or reduce the size of the tumor. Research is on full swing to check the cell killing ability of the equilibrium state so that it could be used for treating cancer in the future.

The immune system has the property of immuno-surveillance by which it can distinguish the malignant tumor cells from the normal cells and can use its components to eliminate the cancerous cells like it does the bacteria and other antigens that invade the body. The theory of immuno- editing which is relatively new states that the immune system naturally recognizes the cancer cells as foreign and negotiates with it to have three outcomes,

-The immune system eliminates and destroys the cancer completely from the body.

-The immune system attains a balance with the cancer cells, checks their growth but does not destroy them.

-The cancer is elusive and the immune system cannot locate it. It spreads and becomes malignant.

Cancer is still under research and lot of things has still to be discovered. One of the main things required to fight cancer is the immune system and this can be achieved by a healthy diet. Recent research has discovered three groups of food that has been found to increase or boost the immune system's functions. This could therefore help in the active prevention of development of cancer. The following is the list of food found to be beneficial:

-Marine algae like kombu and wakame increases immune function and reduce inflammation. These algae have been found to possess fucoidan, a complex sugar polymer which is responsible for the specific function.

-Some Asian mushrooms like the shiitake, the enokitake and the maitake have the ability to stimulate the immune system.

-Probiotics have been found to replenish the body with good and beneficial bacteria. These are essential for the maintenance of the immune system. Yogurt contains live cultures and consuming this is the easiest way to a healthier immune system.

Red wine is another edible substance that has anticancer properties. The wine contains antioxidants that inhibit the development of cancer. Biological therapy is the new kid on the block and uses the body's immune system to fight cancer directly or indirectly. They can also be used to reduce the side effects of cancer treatment.

To Your Health!

From : Dr. James S.

.

What Causes Leukemia?

2009-08-13T07:53:00.001-07:00

Leukemia causes are still unknown. In present, medical science isn't able to establish the specific leukemia causes. However, a strong connection between certain genetic factors and the development of the disease has been revealed. Leukemia occurs on the background of genetic failure that causes the excessive production of incomplete, partially matured blood cells. Also, leukemia has a hereditary character, allowing the transmission of genetic predispositions to disease from one generation to another. Although many factors are known to contribute to the development of leukemia, they alone can't be considered leukemia causes.

The cause of acute leukemia is unknown. The only thing that one can say for certain is that some people are at a higher risk of getting the disease than others. People who are exposed to radiations or certain chemicals have the highest chance of contracting the disease. In addition, there is the hereditary factor. It has been seen that children receive the defective gene from their mother and this gene may lead to acute leukemia. People who have leukemia tend to bruise easily or bleed easily from the nose and gums. In addition to weak immune system, there is a general feeling of fatigue and unexplained weight loss. The disease by itself does not have any specific symptoms.

In normal condition, these stem cells develop either into red blood cells, white blood cells or platelets, into a controlled way. Leukemia perturbs the normal development of blood cells and causes the accumulation of partially developed cells, that aren't able to fulfill their role inside the organism. Judging by the speed of development and the persistence of the disorder, there are two types of leukemia: acute leukemia and chronic leukemia. Acute leukemia differs from chronic leukemia by the levels that stem cells are able to reach in their development (stem cells that present anomalies still manage to partially develop and either resemble immature cells or complete, normal white blood cells).

Leukemia is a bone marrow disorder that arises when one abnormal white blood cell begins to continuously replicate itself. Leukemia, which literally means "white blood" in Greek, occurs when there is an excess of abnormal white blood cells in the blood. The disease usually starts in the white blood cells. The blood-forming (hematopoietic) cells of the bone marrow make leukocytes to defend the body against infectious organisms, such as viruses and bacteria. If the cells reach the central nervous system and build up in the cerebrospinal fluid that support s the brain and spinal column, they can cause headaches and seizures.

Chances of survival are better with the combination of ATRA and chemotherapy than chemotherapy alone. This is because ATRA combined with chemotherapy accounts for a slightly higher rate of complete remissions while allowing significantly fewer relapses. Maintenance cure with ATRA, and possibly with low-dose chemotherapy, further reduces the occurrence of relapse. The advent of ATRA therapy has revolutionized the treatment of promyelocytic leukemia and clearly enhanced the prognosis.

A certain cause of Leukemia is not yet known as it can affect persons of all ages and both sexes. A link however between leukemia and benzene prolonged exposure or high doses of radiations could be established. But most cases cannot be rationally explained. The main target of the Leukemia treatment is to annihilate all existing abnormal cells in blood and bone marrow. A complete remission means no left trace of cancerous modifications. Some of the treated cases show a reoccurrence of the disease with other signs and symptoms.

.

Breast Cancer is Genetic Control?

2009-08-12T03:23:00.000-07:00

The hormones in question are estrogen and progesterone. Any levels significantly different from the average of the females at the age the woman is, represents an increase in probability of getting breast cancer. This includes age factors for the beginning age of menstruation as well as the ending age. If a girl begins menstruation at an early age, or a woman past middle age has not reached menopause, cancer risk increases.

Because of this connection, hormone therapy after menopause is not always a recommended practice - especially if there are is a family history with links to breast cancer.

The dietary aspect is also under scrutiny, but all indicators are that obesity and/or a diet that is high in percentage of calories consumed as fat are both positively linked to higher breast cancer probability. There are also indications that excessive alcohol usage is a prominent factor.

Whether breast cancer is genetic is really two questions. One is whether family genetics are a major factor, and the other is the genetic cause of recurrence in the actual patient. Concerning the latter, a woman who previously had breast cancer that was successfully removed still has a very significantly higher risk of getting it again. An operationally removed tumor in early stages represents the best chance of reducing future risk. Chemotherapy and radiation are not as effective, since the cancerous stem cells are never destroyed. Stem cells are the special cells that do the multiplying and replacement of old cells. So if cancerous stem cells, even in small quantities are still present, their genetic code will be replicated in some of the cells with which the body replaces old cells.

Family genetic factors are definitely involved, although most researchers believe that genetic inheritance is not the primary cause of cancer. It's a matter of risk, but a small enough percentage of the population carries the faulty gene code that causes the disease. It is now believed that about 5 to 10% of breast cancers are caused by inherited genetic mutations. There is definitely an increased risk for an individual whose mother or sister has gotten breast cancer, especially if this has occurred at an early age (before menopause).

Researches have identified two particular genes that are direct causes of breast cancer. Also, the presence of oncogenes (a general cancer causing mutation) can result in the development of breast cancer, as well as every other form of cancer that can afflict us.

.

Total Colectomy - Facing the Possibility

2009-08-12T03:22:00.000-07:00

Because of colon cancer or some other serious disease of the colon, some people have to have a total colectomy. A colectomy is removal of the colon, and is a drastic measure that doctors do only after careful consideration. People who have been diagnosed with colon cancer or colorectal cancer often catch it early enough to try other treatments. If the cancer does not seem to be responding to other treatments, however, than a partial or total colectomy may be used as a last resort.

With a partial colectomy, only part of the colon is removed. This often means that the surgeon can reattach the two ends or the colon from which the section was cut, eventually allowing for somewhat normal function again. A total colectomy is when the entire colon is removed, and this usually means having to create other means for the person to eliminate waste. This is done by a colostomy, where a pouch is attached to the stomach and catches waste. A total colectomy is a serious operation, after which a person has to make a lot of adjustments both physically and psychologically.

Before having a total colectomy, a patient needs to go through some medical tests to make sure they are ready. Also, they need to have the procedure explained completely, as well as what will happen afterward. The surgery itself can take up to four hours, and recovery time in the hospital is usually about five or six days. A colectomy is a very invasive surgery, and not only will there be a few days of recovery in the hospital, but also there will be a few weeks of recovery at home. As important as it is to rest after a colectomy, it is equally important to get up and move around regularly. This aids the body in healing and helps to prevent blood clots.

Anyone who is facing a total colectomy is probably understandably nervous. The good news is that this operation has been refined over the years and many times the procedure can be much less invasive. Laparoscopic surgery can often be done, which involves much smaller incisions and usually a shorter recovery time. Even the colostomy bag, usually worn outside of the stomach, can sometimes be inserted within the stomach and formed so that it replaces the rectum, allowing for almost normal waste elimination. The bottom line is that a colectomy can be a life-saving procedure, and that is what is most important.

.

Fibroid cysts is not breast cancer!

2009-08-12T03:16:00.000-07:00

Fibroids or lumps in the breasts are common due to fibrocystic changes that happen in between the ages of 30-50. They are also known as cystic disease, chronic cystic mastitis or mammary dysphasia. Although the name contains ‘disease' it is a misnomer. Fibroids are a condition and the non-cancerous one at that. It affect at least sixty percent of women before menopause.

Diagnosis:

Fibroids or fibrocystic changes are easily diagnosed by an initial breast examination by you general physician. She will ask you to undergo an x-ray examination or a get a mammogram to confirm suspicions. In some cases, it might require a biopsy.

Causes:

Fibrocystic changes have a lot to do with the way the breast tissue reacts during a woman's period. The levels of progesterone and estrogen, the female hormones are released during menstruation, change considerably affecting breast tissue. They stimulate the tissue to grow large in size, thus causing the milk ducts to become larger, the breast to retain water. The makes them tender and swollen and the often feel lumpy. The constant swelling and tightening causes small packets of fluid to form in the breasts, especially in the enlarged milk glands. These are called cysts. Due to these cysts, the breast shape begins to feel irregular or lumpy. At times, small bead like lumps seem to be present in many areas of the breast. Cysts usually form in both breasts, especially in the upper outer quadrant of the underside of the breasts. These changes often cause a dull ache, sensitivity, fullness or heaviness and a burning sensation in the breasts.

Lump v/s Fibroids

Fibrocystic changes do not happen in all women, and therefore the appearance of a lump causes much panic and confusion with those who have never suffered fibrocystic changes. TO add to this, the breast is inherently quite lumpy, due to the milk glands, ducts and a lot of fibrous tissue. As such, women who are comfortable and well-versed with the Self Breast Examination eventually learn to tell the difference between a real lump and fake one.

Prevention

The intake of caffeine and dietary fat is said to worsen the fibrocystic changes, and hence should be minimized.

Symptoms:

A doctor will be able to tell the presence of moving breast "masses" or lumps in the breasts with the help of a few tests and examinations. Fibroid cysts are well rounded, smooth and rubber-like, and at times can change shape. The following tests may be used:

1. Mammography - which is much like an e-ray, but only for the tissues. However, with dense tissues it might not yield results
2. If the mammogram is not satisfactory, a biopsy may be suggested.
3. FNAC: Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology uses a very fine needle to take out parts of the ‘lump' and test it for fibroid-like properties.

.

Prevent cancer for health in your life

2009-08-12T03:14:00.000-07:00

Cancer word is taken from Latin word “carb”, which means malignancy. Cancer disease can be defined as “an abnormal growth of cells which tend to proliferate in an uncontrolled way and, in some cases, to metastasize.” Cancer is also known as malignancy, a malignant tumor, and neoplasm. There are more than hundred diseases; each types of cancer have its different name, cause and treatment options.

Cancer is a disease of the cells, which make up all the organs and tissues of the body. These cells normally repair and reproduce themselves in an orderly way. If for some reason this process gets out of control, a growth or tumor will form.

Some common types of cancer are given below:

Bladder Cancer: Bladder Cancer is a disease in which abnormal cells malignant growth in the urinary bladder. Bladder, a part of urinary system is hallow, muscular or balloon-shaped organ located in the pelvic that normally holds urine until it is released. The most common symptoms of bladder cancer is blood in the urine or pain during urination. Smoking is the single risk factor that causes bladder cancer.

Breast Cancer: Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer found in women and the second leading cause of cancer death. The most common sign of breast cancer is a lump or thickening in the breast. A lump is an armpit that does not go away and hence may be a sign of cancer. Other possible symptoms are breast discharge, nipple inversion, or changes in the skin overlying the breast. The treatment options, used for treating breast cancer are surgery, radiotherapy, hormone therapy, and chemotherapy.

Lung Cancer: Lung Cancer is the malignant transformation and growth of lung issue. The lungs, part of the respiratory system, are a pair of sponge-like, cone-shaped organs in the human body.
There are two types of lung cancer- primary lung cancer and mesothelioma. Each type of lung cancer has different causes of occur and treated differently. Cigarette smoking is the main cause of occur lung cancer. Common treatment options, used for treat lung cancer are surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy.

Leukemia: Leukemia is a cancer of blood-forming tissue such as bone marrow. These deranged, immature cells build up in the blood and within organs of the body. They are not able to carry out the normal functions of blood cells. The major forms of leukemia are divided into four categories- acute myelogenous leukemia, acute lymphocytic leukemia, chronic myelogenous leukemia, chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Depending upon the abnormal cells the most common symptoms of leukemia are fevers, weakness, blooding gums, frequent infections, weight loss, and etc. There are two types of treatment of leukemia – induction therapy, and continuation therapy. In induction therapy, the main treatment is to reduce the number of leukemia cells and the main process is to induce a remission. Remission is a period of time when the cancer is responding to treatment or is under control. Continuation therapy occurs after a patient goes through remission process. The main purpose of this phase is to kill any left-out cancer cells.

Colon Cancer: Colon cancer, also known, as colorectal cancer or bowel cancer is a disease in which abnormal cells malignant growth in the colon or rectum and appendix. It begins in the digestive system, called as gastrointestinal system. It is the third most common form of cancer. The most common symptoms of colon cancer is diarrhea, blood in the stool, weight loss, abdominal pain and tenderness etc. The available treatment options for treat colon cancer are surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy.

Other common types of cancer are kidney cancer, throat cancer, thyroid cancer, vaginal cancer, melanoma, skin cancer, oral cancer, anal cancer, brain cancer, penile cancer etc. prevent cancer for health in life. There are different treatment options used to treat each type cancer but most popular used for cancer treatment are- surgery, radiation therapy, chemotherapy, biologic therapy, gene therapy, hormone therapy and etc.

Radiation Therapy: Radiation therapy is a special type of therapy, which use radiation to destroy fast growing cancer cells. There are two main types of radiation therapy- external radiation therapy, and internal radiation therapy. External radiation therapy is also known as x-ray therapy, cobalt therapy and proton therapy. In this therapy a beam of radiation is directed from outside the body. Internal radiation therapy is also known as brachy therapy or implant therapy, where a source of radioactivity is surgically placed inside the body near the tumor.

Chemotherapy: This treatment is used to describe medications for kills the cancer cells. This treatment is given to those with advanced cancers that have spread others parts of body, possibly outside colon.

Surgery – Surgery is an operation that involves removal of cancerous part of the colon. It acts as a primary treatment for cancer.

From : The World Health Organisation (W.H.O.)

.

Facts about Mesothelioma

2009-08-09T11:39:00.000-07:00

Mesothelioma is a form of cancer that affects the mesothelial cells of the body. These are the cells that make up the outer lining for the body"s major organs, such as the heart, lungs and stomach. These linings are referred to as the mesothelium and this is how the cancer got its name.

Pleural Mesothelioma

The pleura is the tissue that covers and lines the lungs. These are referred to by the medical community as pleural membranes. The pleura are fibrous membranes and the space between them is the pleural space. The pleural protect the lungs by producing a lubricant that fills the pleural space. This lubricant also allows the lungs to move easily within the chest cavity as we inhale and exhale.

Pleural mesothelioma is the most common type of the disease. Since the lungs are so close to the heart, it is almost always affected. The pericardium is the lining found on the outside of the heart and allows it to move freely within the heart cavity.

The Peritoneum

The peritoneum is the tissue lining the abdomen. Its job is to protect the abdomen"s contents. It produces a fluid that acts as a lubricant so organs within the abdomen may move freely. Peritoneal mesothelioma is cancer of the tissue that lines the abdominal cavity. This form of mesothelioma is more rare than pleural mesothelioma.

Causes of Mesothelioma

Mesothelioma is caused by unprotected exposure to asbestos and affects those who were put at risk for the last 50 years.

Who Gets Mesothelioma

The disease is most common in males who are between the ages of 60 and 70 years old. These men were constantly exposed to asbestos dust and fiber, which caused the mutation of the mesothelioma cells. Mesothelioma takes years to develop, which means early diagnosis is almost impossible.

Others at risk for mesothelioma are those who lived in the same household with someone who was constantly exposed to asbestos. Men carried asbestos dust and fibers into their homes on clothing. It was then breathed in by family members. This put them at risk of contacting mesothelioma and other diseases related to asbestos years after the fact.

Treatment

The success of treatment for mesothelioma isn"t high. The final stages of the disease are fatal. The earlier mesothelioma is diagnosed, the better the prognosis.

If you or a member of your immediate family has ever been constantly exposed to asbestos in the workplace, be sure to contact your health care professional to find out exactly what your options are. You may be tested for the disease and get a clear bill of health.

.

The Definition and Diagnosisof of Mesothelioma

2009-08-09T11:31:00.000-07:00

Definition

The most thorough definition of mesothelioma describes it as a rare cancer caused by asbestos fibers that have been lodged in the mesothelium for many years. The mesothelium is the membrane that encases organs such as the lung, the heart and those of the abdomen. Although it takes many years, these fibers can cause cancer cells to grow in the membrane tissue surrounding the fibers.

Mesothelioma most often develops in the membrane surrounding the lung, and results from inhaled asbestos fibers. This mesothelial membrane is called the pleura. Because lung tissue is so soft and porous, the motion of breathing massages the fibers through the lung tissue to the membrane. The consistency of the membrane is such that the fibers penetrate the pleura and remain trapped there.

Occasionally, fibers that are swallowed follow a similar path through the stomach wall where they become lodged in the lining around the stomach, called the peritoneum. With less frequency, fibers can pass through to the lining around the heart, called the pericardium. Mesothelioma can grow in any of these membranes.

Symptoms

Pleural mesothelioma symptoms can include thickening of the pleura, pleural effusion (fluid collecting in the pleural space), which in turn compresses the lung in that area reducing the amount of oxygen that can get into the blood. This causes shortness of breath along with some pain due to inflammation and, sometimes, infection. Persistent cough is common.

Symptoms of peritoneal mesothelioma might include stomach pain or swelling, bowel obstruction, foot swelling, nausea, weight loss, and pain.

Fever, night sweats, or anemia might also be symptoms of either form of mesothelioma. Diagnosis involves specific testing to differentiate it from other diseases, many of which have similar symptoms.

Diagnosis

There are a number of diagnostic tests that are used together with the results of a physical exam to make a diagnosis of mesothelioma. These tests differentiate between diseases and allow the doctor to rule out other diseases and cancers, identifying mesothelioma as the one that matches all of the diagnostic criteria.

These include:

X-rays
X-rays can reveal pleural effusion, pleural calcification, and scarring

CT or CAT Scan (Computed Axial Tomography)
CT Scans identify tissue density and can identify pleural effusion, pleural thickening and calcification, but it can't differentiate between mesothelioma and other disease.

MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)
An MRI is more sensitive than CT or X-ray, and is useful for more accurate identification of tissue changes during the course of treatment, and evaluating for surgery.

PET Scan (Positron Emission Tomography)
PET Scans measure cellular activity. Cancer cells are more active than healthy cells, and this activity shows up in PET Scans.

Biopsy
A biopsy involves taking a sample of the suspect tissue, either with a needle or through a small incision, and sent to the lab for analysis.

PFT (Pulmonary Function Testing)
PFT involves a set of breathing tests to measure your lung volume, elasticity, airflow, and gas exchange into your bloodstream. These measurements reveal whether areas of your lung have a reduced volume or are not exchanging gas (i.e., from pleural effusion and resulting atelectasis, aka collapsed lung,) restrictive lung disease, or reduced airflow from obstructive lung disease.

CBC (Complete Blood Count)
CBC shows the number of red and white blood cells and platelets, the amount of hemoglobin, and the percent of blood that is red blood cells. It also tests other common blood factors that indicate health and illness.

Bronchoscopy
A bronchoscope is inserted into the patient's lungs through the throat that allows the doctor to view the trachea and upper airways. The scope has the ability to take a tissue sample that can be examined under a microscope, in the same was as tissue collected from a biopsy.

Cytology
A pathologist microscopically examines cells drawn from fluid near the site of the suspected disease.

The U.S. Department of Labor gives links to OSHA's standards and guidelines for evaluating exposure to asbestos. These links include medical questionnaires, X-ray interpretation standards, medical surveillance for asbestos and more.

Parker, Dumler & Kiely, LLP

.

What are Some Common Treatments for Mesothelioma?

2009-04-11T22:38:00.000-07:00

Treatments for mesothelioma vary and there is far more information available than can be covered thoroughly, here. So, you are encouraged to read up on as much information as you can find as well as ask your doctor for recommendations specific to your needs, and why he recommends the treatments he does. With that in mind, let this article direct you to some reliable sources of information to help you fully understand your medical team’s recommendations and all of your options before you choose a course of treatment.

There is a very nice and thorough Guide for Malignant Mesothelioma available from the American Cancer Society that you can read online or download as a PDF file. This guide, along with several other sources gives good explanations of this disease, treatment options, and much more information. The treatment options available to you may differ significantly from other people’s, based upon a number of factors. These include:

• What part of your body is involved.

• The stage of the mesothelioma.

• The degree of metastasis–how far it has spread.

• The type of cells, as identified with a microscope.

• Your age.

• Your preferences.

You may hear some discouraging information about treatment or survival statistics, but don’t give up hope. Many of these statistics include survival rates based on early treatment outcomes, which can skew the current rates. Specialists and researchers are having more and more success with newer methods of treatment, and those in leading cancer centers are making notable progress.

The most common treatments for mesothelioma include:

• Surgical removal of the cancerous cells. This is the most common treatment. Surgery might be done to remove cancerous portions of the mesothelial lining, some of the adjacent tissue, possibly an entire lung (pneumonectomy), part of the diaphragm, or the affected portions of the peritoneal lining and adjacent tissue.

• Chemotherapy, drugs to destroy the cancer cells. Most chemotherapy drugs are administered by intravenous injection (IV) over several treatments scheduled several weeks apart. In peritoneal mesothelioma, heated chemotherapy may be administered after surgery.

• Radiation therapy to destroy the cancer cells. X-rays can kill cancer cells and shrink tumors, which improves the success of surgery.

• A combination of two or three of the above treatments

Palliative treatments of mesothelioma intended to relieve symptoms and control pain may include surgery or radiation therapy along with procedures such as paracentesis or thoracentesis (depending upon the location of the cancer), and pleurectomy to remove part of the tumor, but not all of it. These latter treatments involve draining fluid from the affected areas and then injecting drugs to prevent accumulation of more fluid in those spaces.

Other treatments come in the form of clinical trials. These are treatments that are being studied by researchers to see if they are effective and if so, how effective under varying conditions. If you are interested in taking part in a clinical trial you can learn more from the Cancer Information Service (CIS) at 1–800–4–CANCER. You will need to talk to your doctor about current trials and your eligibility for these. You can also download the National Cancer Institute’s booklet
“Taking Part in Cancer Treatment Research Studies.”

From: Parker, Dumler & Kiely, LLP

.